Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
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- 10.11.3 The text type
10.11.2 The genre
A first step towards a hierarchy of levels of equivalence is to classify texts according to the genre or subgenre to which they belong because, in com municative translation, the sourceculture norms and conventions observed in the source text must be replaced by corresponding targetculture norms and conventions in the target text ( Example 16). Cf. also Soellner (1980), who reports on the professional translation of technical texts from German into French, emphasizing the necessity to consider not only certain linguistic clichés or lexical modules but also the conventions of text composition. Some genres require including or eliminating certain text elements when designing a hierarchy of levels of equivalence. For example, taking phoneme values into consideration may be necessary in the translation of poetry ( example 1�) but it is irrelevant in the translation of legal texts. However, classifying a text as representative of a genre is not always sufficient because, due to their individual composition, certain genres may belong to different text types (cf. Reiß 1981). 10.11.3 The text type Allocating a text to one of the translationoriented text types makes a further specification of hierarchy criteria possible. In texts of the informative type, referential content elements will receive the highest priority from among all the equivalence criteria; other equivalence requirements (e.g. connotative, associative or aesthetic values) will then take their place at lower levels. In texts of the expressive type, priority is given to equivalence at aesthetic textcomposition level and to formfocused language use. Cf. Zimmer (1981), who convinces in his classification of a particular text from the genre ‘detec tive story’ as an expressive text type. The equivalence criteria he focuses on are different from those usually assigned to this kind of light fiction. Thus, it is always the individual sourcetext itself which provides the ultimate criteria for texttype classification. In texts of the operative type, equivalence focuses primarily on preserving the persuasive aspects of the text’s composition and style. This means that connotative and associative elements are ranked higher than denotative referential ones. The overall communicative function of a text, therefore, lets Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 143 us draw some cautious conclusions with regard to the text elements to which priority must be given because they determine the hierarchy of equivalence requirements for a translation. However, the classification of a particular text representing a particular genre as belonging to one of the functional text types should in any event be intersubjectively justifiable. Our concept of ‘persuasive’ and ‘appealfocused’ in the context of the op erative text type is not in line with Newmark’s (1981) view. In his analysis of a passage from German legislation, he states: “Being a legal text, it is designed to impress the reader” (Newmark 1981: 16�). This would mean that he classifies this legal text as belonging to the operative type. In his discussion of the ex ample, Newmark (1981: 160) inconsistently goes on to say that “this particular phrase is purely informative”. In another context (ibid.: 1�0), he mentions a legal text as an example of “persuasive writing”. We believe, however, that a legal text should always be assigned to the informative type because the sender does not intend to convince, to persuade or to appeal to the recipients to obey the law, rather, they are informed of the content of the law. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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