Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer
145 The principle of equivalence shift is often used in aesthetic and literary texts. This principle is illustrated in Reiß (1981) using an extended example, where the shifts affect the composition of an entire essay. (1�b) The Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa translated Poe’s refrain by nunca mais. This corresponds to the source text with regard to both semantics and phonetics. Phonetically, the vowel sequence lightdark in nevermore is changed to darklight in nunca mais, which may even trigger the association of a cry of despair. We believe that the transla tion is functionally equivalent. In some cases, the text itself provides some clues for the hierarchy of equiva lence requirements, as can be seen in the following example from Christian Morgenstern’s poem ‘Das ästhetische Wiesel’. (14) Das ästhetische Wiesel Ein Wiesel saß auf einem Kiesel inmitten Bachgeriesel. […] (Morgenstern 1964: 18) […] (Morgenstern 1964: 18) (14a) The Aesthetic Weasel A weasel perched on an easel within a patch of teasel. […] (Trans. Max Knight, ibid.: 19) Syntactically and pragmatically, and therefore also on a textual level, the trans- latum is an equivalent of the source text, although the translator has changed the semantics of certain lexical elements (in the original, the weasel is sitting on a pebble in the ripple of a brook) in order to bring the text in line with the author’s aesthetic intention (i.e. the intended overall function of the text). The underlying principle of the aesthetic composition of the poem is stated by the author himself in the last stanza, which provides the translator with the neces sary guidelines regarding the hierarchy of equivalence requirements. (14b) Das raffinier te Tier Tat’s um des Reimes willen. (14c) The sophees ticated beest Did it just for the rhyme. (Trans. Max Knight) In his discussion of this example, Levý ([196�]2011: 101) mentions five more English versions by Max Knight. Here, the translator introduced different Equivalence and adequacy 146 lexical changes which, however, did not go against the priority of textual equivalence (e.g. a mink / sipping a drink / in a kitchen sink or a hyena / playing a concertina / in an arena). Therefore, Levý regarded all versions as equivalent – more proof of the fact that textual equivalence is a highly dynamic concept. (15) Sur les fairepart on avait précisé ‘ni fleurs ni couronnes’ histoire de ne pas mettre les copains dans les frais. (SanAntonio (San Antonio: De ‘A’ jusqu’à ‘Z’. Spécial-Police, 1967) Though the notices had been designed to keep the expenses down and had stipulated ‘no flowers, by request’, … (Trans. Hugh Campbell, (Trans. Hugh Campbell, 1968, p. 5) (15a) Auf den Traueranzeigen hatte gestanden ‘weder Blumen noch Kränze’, um die lieben Freunde nicht in Unkosten zu stürzen. (Trans. (Trans. Roedinger 197�, cited by Zimmer 1981: 150) The source text quotes the conventional wording of a typical expression found in French obituaries: ni fleurs ni couronnes (literally: ‘neither flowers nor wreaths’). The literal translation in German lacks pragmatic equivalence; it would sound somewhat strange to German readers because German obituaries would use a different structure (e.g. Von Blumen- und Kranzspenden bitten wir abzusehen). As it would be contrary to their expectations, they would probably find the text rather rude, and this would have a negative impact on communi cative equivalence. Such a mistranslation in a novel would hardly destroy the textual equivalence of the whole ( example 4), but, if mistranslations occur too frequently, the textual equivalence of the whole text may be at risk. (16) Der Kompass muss von vorne abgelesen werden, so dass die Rich tung eine Linie mit der eingravierten Markierung auf der Innenseite der durchsichtigen Kapsel bildet. Wird der Kompass von oben abgelesen, so weicht das Ergebnis um 180° von der tatsächlichen Richtung ab. Zur Erleichterung der Montage fertigen wir für den Bootskompass zusätzlich eine Klemmvorrichtung. Diese wird mit Schrauben an der gewünschten Stelle des Bootes befestigt und der Kompass einfach eingesteckt. Derselbe kann zum Schutz gegen Diebstahl, Beschädigung oder während der Winterlagerung mit einem Griff wieder abgenommen werden. (Assembly instructions for a boat compass) (Assembly instructions for a boat compass) 66 66 The compass must be read from the front in such a way that the direction indicated is in line with the mark engraved on the interior of the transparent capsule. If the compass is read from above, the result will deviate by 180° from the actual direction. A clamping device (optional equipment), which is screwed to the place where you wish the compass to be fixed, will facilitate mounting the boat compass and its removal to protect it from theft or dam age, particularly when the boat is stored in the garage during the winter. (Trans. C. Nord) |
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