Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги самарқанд давлат чет тиллар институти

ЛИТЕРАТУРА 
1. Klimzo B. N. Craft technical translator About English, translation and 
translators of scientific and technical literature. 
2. Garbovsky N. K. Translation Theory. – Ɇ.: Moscow State University 
Publishing House. 
3. Pym A. Exploring Translation Theories. – London; New York: Routledge, 
2010. 
4. Catford J. C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. – London: Oxford 
University Press, 1965. 
5. Komissarov V. N. The Practical Value of Translation Theory, 1985. 
6.perevod4ik.com//article3-2php. 
TRANSLATION AND TEXT. LITERARY TEXT AND POETRY 
Yunusova D. (Teacher of SamSIFL) 

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Xolmurodova M. O. (Student of SamSIFL)
Annotation: Translation of any text into a second language is 
recognized as inter-cultural communication. Translated literary text is 
produced as a result of negotiations among different languages. In this 
respect, the paper aimed to evaluate major approaches associated with 
quality assessment of literary translation. The Qualitative approach has been 
applied to investigate the techniques and linguistic features, associated with 
the translation of literary text. The study analyzed and assessed the issue of 
literary translation and has emphasized on the maintenance of text originality 
during translation. The investigation of techniques and linguistic approach 
has been assessed by employing theoretical perspective. Different past 
researches have been analyzed, based on the literary text features to identify 
the associated factors. The translation of any text is observed as an act of 
parallel creation, where a translator acts as a bridge across different cultures. 
A creative literary translator is one, who possesses good language skills to 
render meaning, style, and feeling to the translated content without disturbing 
the originality of the text. Therefore, a literary translator is believed to have a 
significant contribution towards better understanding of diverse cultures. The 
translated text is termed as a hybrid to some extent on the basis of cultural
environment as it involves the transplantation of source text into target 
language. 
Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source–language 
text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language 
draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) 
between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or signed 
communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, 
translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language 
community. A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source–
language words, grammar, or syntax into the target–language rendering. On 
the other hand, such "spill-overs" have sometimes imported useful source–
language calques and loanwords that have enriched target languages. 
Translators, including early translators of sacred texts, have helped shape the 
very languages into which they have translated. Because of the laboriousness 
of the translation process, since the 1940s efforts have been made, with 
varying degrees of success, to automate translation or to mechanically aid the 
human translator. More recently, the rise of the Internet has fostered a world-
wide market for translation services and has facilitated "language 
localization". 

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63 
Text is an actual instance of language in use or discourse, or, more 
generally, any stretch of language, either spoken or written, that forms a 
unified whole. A text can be seen as “freezing in time one moment of the on-
going dynamic use of language in the speech community”. The linguist or 
discourse analyst tries to make sense of texts, what it is that makes parts of 
texts hang together (or create texture); Texts cannot be understood fully 
without understanding their context in that discourse. It is also important to 
focus on the text itself so that we can understand how the linguistic elements 
that make up texts interact with discourse as well as with processes in the 
human mind ( cognitive processes). Text types in literature form the basic 
styles of writing. Factual texts merely seek to inform, whereas literary texts 
seek to entertain or otherwise engage the reader by using creative language 
and imagery. There are many aspects to literary writing, and many ways to 
analyse it, but four basic categories are descriptive, narrative, expository, and 
argumentative. 
Narrative text type: 
Based on perception in time. Narration is the telling of a story; the 
succession of events is given in chronological order. The basic purpose of 
narrative is to entertain, to gain and hold readers' interest. However 
narratives can also be written to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social 
opinions e.g. soap operas and television dramas that are used to raise topical 
issues. Narratives sequence people/characters in time and place but differ 
from recounts in that through the sequencing, the stories set up one or more 
problems, which must eventually find a way to be resolved. The common 
structure or basic plan of narrative text is known as the "story grammar".
Expository text type: 
It aims at explanation, i.e. the cognitive analysis and subsequent 
syntheses of complex facts. Example: An essay on "Rhetoric: What is it and 
why do we study it?" 
There is a chance that your work may fall flat if you have not chosen 
one of the really good expository essay topics. Not all topics out there are 
interesting or meaty enough to be thoroughly investigated within a paper. 
Make sure you put effort into choosing a topic that has a lot of material to 
cover it and pique the interest of readers! 
Trending Topics: Are there any hot issues that deserve some deep 
discussion? If so, consider educating people on this seemingly new 
occurrence through the use of a well-written essay. Example: Cultural and 
Historical Shifts. 

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A topic close to your heart: It is easy much easier to defend a thesis if 
you find yourself passionately thinking about the topic. If you have an 
advocacy and want to inform others, choose this path and you might be able 
to sway beliefs! Comparing the past and the present is a good way of framing 
an argument, especially if a lot has been written about it. 
Argumentative text type: 
Based on the evaluation and the subsequent subjective judgement in 
answer to a problem. It refers to the reasons advanced for or against a matter. 
The writer usually argues with another side to convince the reader to join a 
certain side. 
Literary text type: 
A literary text is a piece of writing, such as a book or poem, that has 
the purpose of telling a story or entertaining, as in a fictional novel. Its 
primary function as a text is usually aesthetic, but it may also contain 
political messages or beliefs. American schoolchildren and their parents are 
taught that literary texts contrast with informational texts that have the 
purpose of providing information rather than entertainment. Informational 
texts, such as science briefs and history books, are increasingly receiving 
emphasis in public school curricula as part of the Common Core State 
Standards. As a result, many parents have challenged the idea that literary 
texts are of less pedagogical value than informational ones. 
Poetic Translation: Form and Content 
Along with the issues related to the linguistic theory of poetic texts, 
linguists, translators and specialists in translation theory pay much attention 
to the development of the theory of poetic translation. The problems of 
poetic translation are part of a wide range of issues of literary translation, but 
are characterized by their apparent specificity, which makes theorists and 
practitioners have quite contradictory views on poetic translation up to 
rejecting any possibility of such a translation. Recognizing the possibility of 
poetic translation, we believe it necessary to study its basic laws, strategies 
and specific techniques. Emphasizing the importance of both formal and 
content characteristics of a poetic text and the objective existence of poetic 
unity in form and content, we consider the possibility of representing the 
formal characteristics of a poetic text by means of interlingual translation. 
Paying attention mainly to the formal aspect of the poetic text in the process 
of translation is rather conditional, as for both the author and the reader of 
the original meaning of the word in poetry is closely connected with its 
acoustic form. The form of an artistic work is very significant when 

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perceived by a recipient (a reader). Aimed at the reader, literary translation to 
a certain extent brings together literary translation with the translations of the 
Bible. The task of the translator of literary texts is not to demonstrate their 
own poetic talent (if they wish to do so, they can write their own poems). 
The translator should act as an intermediary, “the bridge” between an 
important segment of human experience and the audience, who want to enjoy 
that experience, but can not overcome the barrier of their native language. 
Translation of a literary text is, in a sense, an “explanation” of the text to 
others. And this “explanation” should contain the “explanation” of both the 
content and formal features of the original text. The purpose of this 
“explanation” is a disclosure of the aesthetic potential of the original poetic 
text, and a realization of the aesthetic function of the original and the 
translation. It is generally recognized that aesthetic function is called to meet 
the aesthetic feelings of the reader. Soformal - and first of all - sound 
characteristics of a literary text take on a considerable importance. Among 
the most frequently occurring sound phenomena that contribute to the 
realization of the aesthetic function are onomatopoeia, sound symbolism, 
alliteration, assonance, paronyme and paronomasia, rhyme, rhythm, 
intonation and stress. In this paper some of the sound phenomena mentioned 
above will be considered. 
In conclusion, the literary text contains imaginary stories and poems. It 
is mostly found in fiction books. But translating artistic words in a literary 
text is a little more complicated. Therefore, translators need to know how to 
translate literary texts. And they need to work on themselves more.