Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги самарқанд давлат чет тиллар институти

ADABIYOTLAR 
1. Boboyev T., Boboyeva Z. Badiiy san’atlar. - Toshkent: TDPU, 2001. 105 
b. 
2. Doniyorov X., Yo’ldoshev B. Adabiy til va badiiy stil. - Toshkent: Fan, 
1988. 168 b. 
3. Izzat Sulton. Adabiyot nazariyasi.- Toshkent: Fan, 1986. 288 b. 
4. Nasriddinov F. Til, uslub va obraz // O’zbek tili stilistikasi masalalari, 
ToshDU ilmiy asarlar to’plami, 486-son, Toshkent: ToshDU nashri, 1975. 
105 b. 
 
METHODS FOR TRANSLATING NEWSPAPER TEXTS 
Sanaqulov A. (graduate student of SamSIFL) 
Various options can be used in the translation process translation. It 
should be noted that many linguists, such as A.D. Schweitzer, L.S. 
Barkhudarov, L.K. Latyshev, RK Minyar-Beloruchev, VN Komissarov, Ya. 
I. Retsker, VG Gak and others [Shveitser, 2000; Barkhudarov, 1975, Minyar-
Beloruchev, 1969; Komissarov, 1990; Retsker, 1974; Gak, 2003]. They 
offered their own definitions of the term 
“Translation transformations”. But the most fundamental of them is 
the definition of L.S. Barkhudarov. According to this definition, translation 
transformations are permutations of elements of the original text, 
interlanguage transformations, operations of re-expression of meaning or 
paraphrasing in order to achieve a translation equivalent [Barkhudarov, 1975: 
45]. 
Translation transformations can be divided into grammatical, lexical 
and syntactic. The grammatical ones include omissions, permutations, 
substitutions of sentences and additions. Lexical transformations include 
such techniques as transcription, transliteration, tracing, concretization, 
generalization of sentences, substitutions. And syntactic transformations are 
the division and union of sentences, syntactic assimilation, compensation, 
antonymic translation, descriptive translation, synonymous substitutions and 
other types of substitutions [Levitskaya, 1963: 103]. 

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When translating newspaper texts, all types of grammatical 
transformations are used. Informational articles and messages are the driest, 
most business-like and concise in style. By using syntactic restructuring of 
sentences, lexical correspondences, and structural substitutions, such articles 
can be translated more accurately. To translate short messages, a 
restructuring of the sentence is required [Latyshev, 1983: 34]. 
The leading methods for translating non-equivalent vocabulary are 
transcription, transliteration and tracing. Translators very often use a mixture 
of transcription and transliteration, with their further explanation, i.e. 
descriptive translation. Transcription - this is the transfer of the word FL by 
means of the alphabet FL, taking into account the pronunciation in the given 
language. For example: "Racial discrimination in Togo was not based on 
skin color, but took the form of tribalism and regionalism." - “Racial 
discrimination in Togo is not based on skin color, but takes the form of 
tribalism and regionalism” (Washington Times, 7/23/2014). In this sentence, 
the word "tribalism" has been transcribed. 
Transliteration is understood as the transfer of the graphic form of the 
word FL by means of the FL. For example: “A weak rouble and rampant 
inflation that have been exacerbated by western sanctions over Ukraine has 
prompted General Motors to announce a huge retrenchment in Russia”. - 
“The weak ruble and rampant inflation, exacerbated by Western sanctions 
against Russia in connection with the events in Ukraine, pushed General 
Motors to announce austerity measures in Russia” (Times, 03/19/2015). An 
example of transliteration in this sentence is the General Motors lexeme. 
Another method of translation is tracing, in the process of which the 
lexical unit of the FL is transmitted by replacing the constituent elements 
with the appropriate lexical units of the TL. With the help of tracing, a new 
word or a stable phrase is formed in the target language. There are many 
examples of onion skinning. For example: "The official opening of the tallest 
skyscraper in Europe was timed to coincide with the start of the Olympic 
Games in London." - 
“The official opening of the tallest skyscraper in Europe is timed to 
coincide with the start of the London Olympic Games” (Guardian, 
14/05/2013). 
The most common type of translation transformation is substitutions. 
Substitutions, in turn, are divided into substitutions of word forms, when the 
number of the noun in the translation changes. For example: "Vitamin pills 
cannot replace fruit and vegetables - in fact, taking too many supplements 

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may increase the risk of cancer, an expert has warned." “Experts warn that 
vitamins cannot replace fruits and vegetables and that excessive consumption 
of dietary supplements increases the risk of cancer.” (Times, 04/21/2015) 
We used several techniques to translate this sentence. In the original 
sentence, the word "vitamin" is in the singular, and "pills" was also dropped, 
and due to this, in the target language, it turned into a plural number. Here 
we also observe the replacement of parts of speech when 
“Taking” is translated as “consumption” due to the nominative nature 
of the Russian language. The verb was nominalized. Here we see the 
addition, when “the risk of cancer” was translated as “the risk of cancer,” 
since this phrase has become stable, and for the Russian reader it is easier to 
perceive. 
The next type of replacement is the replacement of parts of speech. 
Replacing an adjective, especially one derived from a place name, with a 
noun is fairly common. For example: "Tsipras, the Greek prime minister, 
made his official visit to Germany yesterday." - “Yesterday the Prime 
Minister of Greece Alexis Tsipras came to Germany on an official visit” 
(The Times, 03.24.2015). 
Replacing an adjective with an adverb, a noun with a verb, adverbs 
with an adjective and others - all of them are present in the translation of 
newspaper texts. For example: "An attempted crime by suicide bomber was 
registered in New-York." - “In New York, there was an attempt to commit a 
crime by a suicide bomber” (Washington Times, 04/30/2014). In this 
sentence, the adjective “attempted” has been translated into a verb due to the 
lack of a suitable equivalent. 
As with other functional styles in the newspaper-journalistic style, 
substitutions of sentence members are often found. For example: "Two 
hostages, one American and one Italian, held by al-Qaeda were killed in a 
US drone strike." - "An attack by the United States with the use of an 
unmanned aerial vehicle took the lives of an American and an Italian, who 
were hostages of the al-Qaeda terrorist group" (Times, 04/26/2015). In the 
translation of this sentence, the replacement of the members of the sentence 
was required due to the restructuring of the syntactic structure. 
The next very common transformation is permutation. The English 
language is characterized by a fixed word order, while the Russian language 
is more free. Therefore, translators often use the permutation technique. For 
example: “New law in education was adopted in Russia yesterday”. - 
“Yesterday a new law in the field of education was adopted in Russia” 

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(Guardian, 02.02.2014). In this example, “yesterday” is at the end of the 
sentence in the IL, and in the TL at the beginning, because in Russian, 
informational messages begin with the circumstance of time and place, and 
then other members of the sentence.