1-sanli Lektsiya Tema: Kirisiw. Kletka formaları hám evolyuciyası. Kletka teoriyası. Kletkaniń ximiyaliq qurami, qásiyetleri, keltka morfologiyası hám biologiyalıq membranalar, citoplazmatik organoidlar

Kletkani u`yreniw metodlari
Tsitologiya-mikroanatomiyanin bir bo`legi bolip oni tiykarg`i metodi mikroskopiya boladi. ha`zirgi wakitta bul metodikag`a qosimsha metodlar kirgizildi. Kletka strukturasi tiykarinan jariq xa`m elektron mikroskop ja`rdemi menen u`yreniledi. Tsitologiyadag`i revolyutsiyanin` biri elektron mikroskoptin` kelip shig`iwi boladi. Kletkanin` du`zilisin, rauajlaniwin ha`m funktsiyasin tsitologiyaliq metodlarsiz u`yreniw mu`mkin emes. Tsitologiyada ko`p sandag`i analitika, bioximiya, tsitofiziologiya, tsitoximiya ha`m biofizika metodlari ken`nen qollanilmakta.
ha`zirgi zaman jaktilik (optikaliq) mikroskoplar juda` quramalasqan a`spab bolip kletka yadrosi ha`m organoidlarin uyreniwde ulken a`hmiyetke iye. Mikroskoplar ja`rdeminde ob`ekti 2000-3000 ese ulkeytip koriw ha`m uyreniw mumkin. Mikroskoptin` ulkeytip korsetiwi onin` jaktilik nurin sindiriw kasiyetke baylanisli yag`niy eki tochkanin` aralig`i kansha jakin bolsa, uyrenetug`in ob`ekt kansha kishkene bolsa, onin` jaktiliq nurin sindiriw qa`siyeti sonsha kushli boladi ha`m tekseriletug`in ob`ekt anik korinedi. Mikroskoptin` nurdi sindiriw qa`siyeti onin` ob`ektike tusetug`in nurg`a tolqin uzinlig`ina baylanisli boladi. ha`zirgi mikroskoplar jerdeminde 0,2 -0,3 mm ulkenligi kletka elementlerin uyreniw mumkin.
Biologiyalik mikroskoplardin` tomendegi turleri paydalanilmaqta MBI-6, MBI-11, MBB-1, MBB-1 MBI-3, MBI-15, ME-5, MBS-1, MBS-2, MBS-3.MBR -3, -
Xezirgi wakitta Ergaval, Ampival, Biolam-70" kara ren`li fazokontrastli, interfrentsion, fluorestsent, polarizatsion, ul`trabinafsha ha`m elektron mikroskoplar paydalaniladi.
Haywanlardin` tiri kletkasi ren`siz ha`m tiniq bolg`anliqtan olardi uyreniw qiyin sonliqtan olar nurlardi tutpaydi. Sonin` ushin fiksatsiyalang`an ha`m boyalgan preparatlar ken` kolemde uyreniledi.
O'simlik va hayvonlarni irsiyati, ularni yashash uchun kurashda kerak bolgan yashovchanlik, ózlarini hayotini qóllab-quvvatlashi uchun barcha hayotiy hususiyatlari, qobiliyatlari bolishi kerak.
- Bunga erishish uchun, nihoyatta hilma-hil, turli hatti-harakatlar va moslanuvchanlik orqali hayot kechirishi muhumdir. Aslida esa, bu hayotiy jarayon shu darajada murakab, hilma-hilki ularni bitta adabiyota yoritishimiz qiyindir.


- The Reproduction of Plants and Animals is just as necessary as their ability to live and maintain them- selves.
The means by which this is attained are most varied, interesting, and important.
- In fact they are so diverse that they can be treated in a book of this sort only in a most general way¹.

• 
  After the ThinPrep slides have been imaged, they are brought to the RS for location-guided review. In addition to a microscope, there is a console (with display and keypad) and a navigator pod. C, BD FocalPoint Slide Profiler. The FocalPoint Slide Profiler consists of two main components (left to right): the workstation (computer, monitor, keyboard, mouse, modem, and printer) and the floor-standing instrument (slide processor). D, BD FocalPoint Guided Screening Review Station. After SurePath slides have been imaged, they are brought to the Review Station for location-guided review. Imaging data are electronically linked to a customized microscope. In addition to the microscope, there is a barcode scanner and a monitor with keyboard and mouse. (A and B courtesy Hologic, Inc. and affiliates. Cand Dcourtesy BD Diagnostics Inc.)².
  

Mikroskoptin` turlerine toktaymiz.