2–sho’ba ilg‘or xorijiy tajribalar, xalqaro baholash dasturi talablari orqali o‘qitish metodologiyasini takomillantirish

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Classification of the examined terms in lexicographic categories
Ilyasova Baxtigul Jaqsimovna
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute assistant teacher


ABSTRACT
This article examines the classification of borrowed words and outlines the types of words that have entered English from German. Most of the German words have been anglicized and adapted to the English spelling system.
Key words and phrases: borrowed words, German, English, spelling system.


АННОТАЦИЯ
В данной статье рассматривается классификация заимствованных слов и очерчиваются типы слов, пришедших в английский язык из немецкого. Большинство немецких слов были англизированы и адаптированы к английской системе правописания.
Ключевые слова и фразы: заимствованные слова, немецкий язык, английский язык, система правописания.


ANNOTASIYA
Ushbu maqolada o'zlashtirilgan so'zlarning tasnifi ko'rib chiqiladi va nemis tilidan ingliz tiliga kirip kelgan so'zlarning turlari қаламга олинган. Nemis tilidagi so'zlarning aksariyati inglizchalashtirilgan va ingliz imlo tizimiga moslashtirilgan.
Kalit so‘z va iboralar: o'zlashtirilgan so'zlar, nemis tili, ingliz tili, imlo tizimi.
Most recurrent Germanisms characterizing the English word stock are loanwords. They can be encountered frequently both in a scientific field and in everyday language. They clearly outnumber the other above mentioned borrowing categories, i.e. loan translations, semantic loans and partial loan translations. Especially the cultural borrowings, alphabetically listed in their book by Pfeffer and Cannon and pertaining to scientific vocabulary, are mostly loanwords that have not been translated into English. The Germanisms are also divided into subgroups according to the semantic areas they belong to and are chronologically enumerated from the oldest date of borrowing to the most recent one [3, 8p].
It can be noted that the majority of German loanwords has been anglicized and adapted to the English spelling system. Thus German Allergie turns into allergy in English, German Biologie gets biology, Eigenfunktion gets eigenfunction, etc. But anglicization occurs less frequently in other semantic fields. That is why the orthography of German culinary words is often not altered: sauerkraut, schnitzel, hamburger, lebkuchen, springerle, sauerbraten, frankfurter, hamburger, sacher torte, linzer torte, etc. The same can be said as for German interjections, such as gesundheit, mein Gott, and so on.
However, culinary terms can also sometimes be translated, and even if loan translations, form a rarer borrowing category, they can occasionally characterize daily language. They are sometimes encountered among the intimate borrowings, in semantic fields dealing with food or drinks: German Biergarten turns into English beer garden, Eiswein becomes ice wine, kalte Ente will be said cold duck, etc. Conversely, also scientific terminology, except for natural sciences, such as mineralogy, geology, biology and chemistry, is marked by the presence of loan translations: there is feeling tone which comes from German Gefühlston and is used in psychological contexts.
Other examples are: fine structure which is a translation from German Feinstruktur commonly employed in physics and academic freedom which is a translation from German akademische Freiheit and characterizes American educational system. Pfeffer maintains that it is difficult to determine why a German word after entering the English vocabulary is adapted while another is translated. According to him, the only criterion consists in a rather close orthographic similarity to an English term which generally implies adaptation, but apart from that one cannot generalize [3,120p].
The majority of the 300 Germanisms alphabetically listed in Knapp’s dictionary can be classified as nonce–borrowings, mainly consisting of loanwords. He includes only a small number of cultural borrowings pertaining to natural sciences, that all have a German etymon, for example gneiss and feldspar and few intimate borrowings belonging to culinary fields, such as leberwurst, schweizerkäse, bratwurst, frankfurter, etc., or to day–to–day language among which there are shicer, liederkranz, kaffeeklatsch, etc.
However, most of the Germanisms included in his dictionary, as has already been mentioned, refer to mass media, advertising and the Internet. The reason why they should be classified as nonce–borrowings is that most of them are not recorded in dictionaries.Schönfelder’s dictionary is completely different compared with those of Knapp and Pfeffer, since his purpose consisted in enumerating Germanisms only used in American English.
Thus, the lexicographic category they belong to are intimate borrowings. He excludes a priori cultural borrowings typical of natural sciences, because in his opinion, they pertain to British English [4, 14p].
In conclusion it can be seen that the only German loanwords Schönfelder enumerates in the first group that were omitted by the OED and Merriam Webster, but were included by the DARE, were aber nit, ach!, ausgespielt, heap, the partial loan translation metzel soup, the calques saddle horse, sheep buck, schwartenmagen and toot.