Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
34 Webster02.qxd 8/29/2003 10:21 AM Page 34 ductive service? In reporting financial data, they should follow the prudence constraint. This means that when two outcomes are equally probable, the less optimistic should be reported. Better to understate than to overstate. So, when the new credit manager reports that the historic rate of 10% uncollectible accounts can be cut to 5% under enlightened leadership, stick with a 10% reserve allowance for doubtful accounts. Because of fluctuations in several areas above, many indus- tries have generally accepted accounting methods that are in clear contradiction with GAAP. When the use is of information benefit and a clear precedent, its use is acceptable in that industry. An example would be how depletion allowances are treated in the extraction industries. An additional GAAP requirement is that companies use accrual basis accounting. To apply the various principles, cost, time period, matching, revenue recognition, and others, GAAP mandates the use of accrual basis accounting. Accrual is designed to capture the financial aspects of each economic event as it occurs. Concerns of cash flow, or when the cash actually changes hands, are not relevant to the actual event. Those transactions are recorded separately in the accounts receivable and payable transactions. Concepts and Principles, Checks and Balances 35 Save a Little Money Accrual basis accounting reflects a truer picture of your finan- cial situation than the traditional cash basis accounting. In cash basis, revenues and expenses are recognized only when cash or its equivalent changes hands.The disadvantage in accrual basis is that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) computes tax due on the reported net income.Thus, an accrual basis entity could pay cash tax on income that it has not yet received.What happens then if the customer defaults? The U.S. tax code and GAAP have several provisions for taking some of the sting out of this situation. At most, you are out the opportunity cost, and some interest, from having to pay the tax. Still, many small businesses stay on cash basis accounting as long as they are eligible, to avoid paying tax on money they haven’t received. Check with your tax advisor to learn if you are eligible. Hint: if you carry inventory or gross in seven figures, probably not. Webster02.qxd 8/29/2003 10:21 AM Page 35 Zen Accounting To the novice, accounting often looks like a street corner shell game. The accountant places a pea under one of three walnut shells. He then moves the three shells swiftly over the felt table- top while saying a bunch of magic words like “financial ratios transfer to the balance sheet while the equity pie becomes an expense to third parties,” claps his hands, and steps back with a smile. You gingerly lift shell after shell to discover that 1) the pea is not where you thought it was, 2) the pea has magically become two peas, or 3) the pea has disappeared entirely. This discussion of GAAP shows that there are reasons for the apparent contradictions and inconsistencies. In an ideal world, the typical financial statement is the product of several Download 3.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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