agement levels above the one to which the internal control
structure applies. Management fraud frequently involves using
financial statements to create the illusion that the entity is
healthier and more prosperous in order to cover misappropria-
tion of assets. The misappropriation is usually shrouded in a
maze of complex business transactions.
Internal controls include such procedures as monitoring
activities, segregating financial responsibilities, physical control
of cash and convertible assets, procedural controls for things
like numbered invoices, access control to sensitive areas, and
various authorization and approval levels.
Concepts and Principles, Checks and Balances
39
Tip-Offs to Fraud
• Financial pressures—These are usually caused by an
immediate financial need.
• Poor internal controls—These are especially crucial for the
review and timely counting of liquid assets like cash.
• Too much control—The most common reason for the opportu-
nity to commit financial crime is that too much authority or
responsibility is placed in one employee, circumventing a good sys-
tem of internal control.
• Lax management—Management must take responsibility for
averting internal crime and properly supervise and review subordi-
nates’ work.
• Failure to screen employees—Integrity is tough to measure, so
screen out those potential employees who have a known history of
dishonesty.
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