Accounting for Managers
What Measures Performance?
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Accounting for Managers
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- Financial Ratios
What Measures Performance?
What are your personal job performance standards? What are the goals you set for yourself each day, each month, each year? How do you keep score? How does your organization measure accomplishment? What goals does the organization expect you to meet? If you’re in a larger company, chances are there’s a formal management program, something like Total Quality Management (TQM) or Six Sigma. If you’re with a smaller firm or partnership, you might use something like gross sales as a Financial Ratios Webster04.qxd 8/29/2003 5:39 PM Page 64 Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. Financial Ratios 65 target. You might also want to use something like financial ratio analysis. Even the structured management programs have financial analysis at their heart. Those programs just pack a few more variables into the equation and try to set a finer sieve. The resulting financial performance analysis is the language of goals, objectives, and results. A ratio is a number that express- es a mathematical relationship between two quantities, such as items on balance sheets and income statements. Financial ratio concepts are important for managing cash, capital investment, profitability, and risk. They’re the primary way to speak with depth and precision about management job performance and achieving enterprise goals. Because a ratio is a mathematical operation, it can be categorized within broad subject groupings. Many combinations can be tested and the results proved. Ratio analysis has developed into four main analysis areas: liquidity, debt, activity, and prof- itability. Financial ratio analysis lets you calculate and compare relationships derived from information in the financial statements. The current interaction and historic trends of these ratios can be used to make inferences about a company’s financial condition, its operations, and its attractiveness as an investment or credit risk. A ratio draws meaning through comparison with other data and standards. By itself, a financial ratio is not worth much. In context, a manager or outside analyst can tease out meaning to Ratio A number that expresses a mathematical relationship between two quantities. For example, the ratio of 1,000 to 500 is 2:1 or 2. In financial terms, a ratio can show relationships between various items appearing on balance sheets and income state- ments and other items. The same ratio may travel under several names.This can cause confu- sion. Look for the accounts being used as the numerator and denomina- tor and you may know the ratio under a different name. In addition, a derived ratio can become part of another ratio calculation. Webster04.qxd 8/29/2003 5:39 PM Page 65 |
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