Accounting for Managers
parts of a company’s finances and operations. Here is an
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Accounting for Managers
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- Financial Ratios 67 Liquidity ratios
- Profitability ratios
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parts of a company’s finances and operations. Here is an overview of some of the ratio categories. Liquidity ratios give a picture of a company’s short-term financial solvency. You may consider them an immediate “going concern” test. If these numbers are bad, the company may not be able to meet next week’s payroll. Activity ratios use turnover measures to show how efficient- ly a company operates and uses its assets. Activity ratios are often called operational ratios. Debt ratios show the extent that debt is used in a company’s capital structure. They are also often called leverage ratios. Profitability ratios use various profit margin analyses to show return on sales and capital. Ratios also allow quick comparisons between your business and other businesses in your industry. Banks and investors use Financial Ratios 67 Liquidity ratios Ratios that measure a company’s ability to pay its short-term debts on time, its short-term financial sol- vency. Also known as solvency ratios. Activity ratios Ratios that show how efficiently a company operates and uses its assets. Also known as operational ratios. Debt ratios Ratios that show to what extent and how well a com- pany uses borrowed funds to finance its operations. Also known as leverage ratios. Profitability ratios Ratios that use various profit margin analyses to show return on sales and capital, as a measure of how well a company is using its resources to generate profits. Webster04.qxd 8/29/2003 5:39 PM Page 67 Accounting for Managers 68 them to help decide whether a business is a good credit or investment risk. Managers look at ratios to monitor operations and spot weak areas and inefficiency. For example, ratios can indicate whether a business is carrying a dangerous amount of debt, holding too much inventory, or not collecting accounts receivable quickly enough. Managers could also look at their customers’ and vendors’ ratios to assess any risk involved. One key to using ratios is finding a baseline, a point of com- parison. Usually, you would be comparing your firm’s ratios with the average for your industry or with your own ratios for the same period in a previous year. Your CPA, a financial advisor, or a staff person should be able to help you calculate these ratios as they relate to your financial statements. Their initial input may be able to help you determine whether or not the ratios are in line for your business and industry. After you become familiar with ratio analysis, checking these numbers should become a steady habit, like checking the weather forecast to decide what clothes to wear. We’ll also give you a chance to practice below. Not all of the ratios matter to everybody, of course. Credit analysts, those persons interpreting the financial ratios from the lender’s perspective, focus on the “downside” risk. Since their revenue comes from interest earned, they gain none of the upside from an improvement in operations and increased prof- GIGO Context is everything in ratio analysis. Like computer programming, ratio analysis follows the law of GIGO— “garbage in, garbage out.” Comparing leverage ratios between a California electric company and an Ohio water company lacks utility, even though both are utilities. Examining the profitability ratios of a cyclical company over less than a full business cycle would fail to give an accurate long-term measure of profitability. Historical data, in the face of deep changes in a company’s state or prospects, would predict little about future trends. If, for example, the company has merged with another or made a major change in its technology, its historical ratios would tell little about its future prospects. Webster04.qxd 8/29/2003 5:39 PM Page 68 its. They pay great mind to liquidity and debt ratios to deter- mine a company’s financial risk. Equity stock analysts look more to the activity and profitability ratios to determine the future profits that could pass to the shareholder. Although financial ratio analysis is well developed and the actual ratios are well known, practicing financial analysts often build up their own measures for particular industries and even individual companies. Analysts will often differ drastically in their conclusions from the same ratio analysis. It’s an art as well as a science. Download 3.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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