Boshlang'ich sinflarda matematika o'qitish metodikasi
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3. Qo ‘shishning о 'rin almashtirish xossasini о ‘qitish
Q o ‘s h ilu v c h ila rn in g o ‘m in i a lm a s h tir is h u s u lla rin i b o la ia r tu s h u n ib o lis h la ri u c h u n d a s tla b u la rg a q o ‘s h is h n in g o T in a lm a s h tir is h x o s s a s i m o h iy a tin i o c h ib b e rish m a q s a d g a m u v o fiq d ir. 186 Q o ‘s h is h n in g o ‘r in a lm a s h tir is h x o ssa si b ila n b o la la m i q u y id a g ic h a ta n is h tiris h m u m k in . O lq u v c h ila rg a m a s a la n , 4 ta y a s h il v a 3 ta q iz il u c h b u r c h a k o lis h b u y u rila d i. 0 ‘q itu v c h i: 3 ta u c h b u rc h a k n i 4 ta u c h b u rc h a k k a q o ‘s h ib q o ‘y in g . U c h b u r c h a k la r n e c h ta boM adi? B u n i q a n d a y b ild in g iz ? 0 ‘q u v c h i: 4 g a 3 q o ‘s h ils a 7 h o sil boM adi ( y o z a d i: 4 + 3 = 7 ). 0 ‘q itu v c h i: e n d i u c h b u rc h a k la rn in g r a n g g ig a q a ra b y a n a a jra tin g v a 4 ta u c h b u rc h a k n i 3 ta u c h b u r c h a k k a q o ‘sh ib q o ‘y in g . U c h b u r c h a k la r n e c h ta boM adi? 0 ‘q u v c h i: bu g a l h a m 7 ta (y o z a d i 4 + 3 = 7 ). 0 ‘q itu v c h i: b u m is o lla m i s o n la m in g q o ‘s h is h d a g i p a ra m e tr n o m la ri b ila n a y tib b e rin g . 0 ‘qu v ch i: b irin c h i q o ‘sh ilu v ch i 4 , ik k in ch i q o ‘sh ilu v ch i 3, yigMndi 7. B irin c h i q o ‘sh ilu v ch i 3 ik k in ch i q o ‘sh ilu v ch i 4 yigM ndi 7. 0 ‘q itu v c h i: b u m is o lla r n im a s i b ila n o ‘x s h a s h ? 0 ‘q u v c h i: q o ‘s h ilu v c h ila r b ir x il, yigM ndi b ir xil. 0 ‘q itu v c h i: b u m is o lla r n im a s i b ila n fa rq q ila d i? 0 ‘q u v c h i: q o ‘s h ilu v c h ila r n i o ‘rn i a lm a s h d i. S o ‘n g ra q o ‘s h ilu v c h ila m in g o ‘rin a lm a sh tirish u su lin in g m o h iy a ti o c h ib b erilad i, y a ’ni h iso b la sh la rd a q a c h o n o ‘rin alm ash tirish x o ssa sid a n fo y d a la n ish koM satiladi. A n a sh u m a q sa d d a a m a liy x ara k terd ag i m a sa la la r y ec h ila d i. M a sa la n , h a r x il jo y d a tu rg a n 2 q o p v a 7 q o p u n n i b ir jo y g a jo y la s h tiris h kerak. U ni q an d a y b aja rg a n m a ’qul. 2 q o p n i 7 qo p o ld ig a k e ltirib q o ‘yishm i y o k i a k sin c h a m i? B o la ia r tu rm u sh d a k o 'rg a n la rid a n fo y d ala n ib m a salan i y ech ad ilar. S o ‘n g ra 1+3, 3 + 1 , 2 + 4 , 4 + 2 k o ‘rin ish d a g i m iso lla rd a n b ir ju ftin i tu sh u n tira d i. Q o lg an larin i o ‘q u v c h ila r m u staq il y e c h a d a la r, h iso b la sh u su llarin i ta q q o sla y d ilar. S o n la m i q a n d a y q ilib te z d a h iso b lash m u m k in lig in i an iq lay d ilar. B u n d a y m a sh q la r aso sid a o ‘q u v c h ila r q u y id a g i x u lo sa g a k elad ilar: k atta so n g a k ic h ik so n n i q o ‘sh ish , k ic h ik so n g a k atta so n n i q o ‘sh ish g a q ara - g a n d a o so n , q o ‘s h ish p ay tid a e s a q o ‘s h ilu v c h ila m in g o ‘rin la rin i d o im o a lm a sh tirish m u m k in , b u n d a n yigMndi o ‘z g ar-m ay d i. T o ‘rtin c h i d a v r d a « 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 n i a y iris h » h o lla ri u c h u n n a ti- ja n i to p is h d a q o ‘s h is h v a a y iris h n in g b o g M a n ish ig a a s o s la n g a n a y iris h u s u lla ri o ‘rg a n ila d i. M a s a la n , 1 0 -8 m is o lin i y e c h is h u c h u n 10 s o n in i 8 v a 2 s o n la rin in g y igM nidisi b ila n a lm a s h tir is h v a u n d a n q o ‘s h ilu v c h ila r d a n b iri boM gan 8 n i a y ris h k e ra k , ik k in c h i q o ‘s h ilu v c h i 2 ni h o sil q ila m iz . B u u s u ld a n fo y d a la n is h u c h u n 187 s o n la m in g q o 's h ilu v c h ila rd a n ib o ra t ta rk ib in i, s h u n in g d e k , y ig ‘in d i v a q o 's h ilu v c h ila r o 'z a r o q a n d a y b o g 'la n g a n lig in i b ilis h k e ra k . Q o 's h is h k o m p o n e n tla ri v a a m a l n a tija s i o ra s id a g i b o g 'la n i s h n i e g a lla s h d a ta y y o rg a rlik b o s q ic h i q o 's h is h v a a y ris h u s tid a is h n in g b o s h id a n b o s h la n a d i. S h u m a q s a d d a m a x s u s m a s h q la r k o 'z d a tu ti- la d i, b e r ilg a n ra sm (1 ta k a tta v a 2 ta k ic h ik k o p to k ) b o 'y ic h a q o 's h is h i va a y iris h g a d o ir m is o lla r tu z is h y o k i b ir r a s m n in g o ‘zi b o 'y ic h a q o 's h is h g a d o ir m a s a la v a a y iris h g a d o ir m a s a la tu z is h ; 4 + 3 v a 7 - 3 k o 'r in is h d a g i m is o lla r ju f tin i y e c h is h v a ta q q o s la s h . Q o 's h is h a m a li k o m p o n e n tla ri v a a m a l n a tija la ri o ra s id a g i b o g 'la n i s h b ila n ta n is h is h g a m a x s u s d a rs a jra tila d i. Y a n g i m a te ria l u s tid a ish n i q u y id a g ic h a o lib b o ris h m u m k in : 0 ‘q itu v c h i: p a rta g a 5 ta q iz il v a 4 ta k u k d o ir a c h a q o ‘y in g . H a m m a s i boM ib n e c h ta d o ir a c h a q o ‘y d in g iz ? 0 ‘q u v c h i: 5 g a 4 n i q o ‘s h is h k e ra k , 9 h o s il b o ‘la d i (y o z a d i). 0 ‘q itu v c h i: s o n la m i b u n d a y q o ‘s h is h d a g i n o m la rin i a y tib , m i so ln i o ‘q in g . 0 ‘q u v c h i: b irin c h i q o ‘s h ilu v c h i 5 , ik k in c h i q o ‘s h ilu v c h i 4, y i g 'in d i 9. 0 ‘q itu v c h i: 4 ta k o ‘k d o ira c h a n i c h e tg a su rib q o ‘y in g . N e c h ta d o ira c h a q o ld i? B u n i q a n d a y b ild in g iz ? 0 ‘q u v c h i: 9 d a n 4 n i a y ira m iz , 5 h o sil boM adi (y o z a d i). 0 ‘q itu v c h i: S h u m is o ln i s o n la r b irin c h i m is o ld a q a n d a y a ta lg a n boM sa sh u n d a y o ‘q in g . 0 ‘q u v c h i: yigM ndi 9 d a n ik k in c h i q o ‘s h ilu v c h i 4 n i a y ird ik , b ir in c h i q o ‘s h ilu v c h i 5 ni h o s il q ild ik . 9 - 5 = 4 h o la t h a m s h u n d a y q a ra b c h iq ila d i. S h u n d a y m is o lla rd a n y e ta rlic h a y e c h d iris h k e ra k , n a tija d a b o la ia r o ‘z k u z a tis h la ri a s o s id a q u y id a g i x u lo s a n i c h iq a ra d ila r: a g a r y ig M n d id an b irin c h i q o ‘s h ilu v c h in i a y irs a k ik k in c h i q o ‘s h ilu v c h i h o sil boM adi, a g a r y ig M n d id an ik k in c h i q o ‘sh ilu v c h i a y irils a , b irin c h i q o ‘sh ilu v c h i h o s il boM adi. Y igM ndi v a q o ‘s h ilu v c h ila r g a d o ir b ilim la m i m u s ta h k a m la s h u c h u n 0 ‘q u v c h ila r q u y id a g ic h a m a s h q la rn i b a ja r a d ila r : q o 's h is h g a d o ir b e rilg a n m is o l b o 'y ic h a , a y iris h g a d o ir 2 ta m is o l tu z ila d i v a u la r y e c h ila d i (2 + 4 = 6 , 6 - 4 = , 6 - 2 = ) , b e rilg a n 3 ta so n y o r d a m id a 4 ta m i so l (4 + 5 , 5 + 4 , 9 - 4 , 9 - 5 ) tu z ila d i v a y e c h ila d i. x + 2 = 5 , 4 + x = 1 0 k o 'r in is h d a g i te n g la m a la m i y e c h ib n o ’m aM um so n n i to p a d i. 188 |
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