Chemistry and catalysis advances in organometallic chemistry and catalysis
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- 16.4.2 C–N Bonds Formation
- 16.4.3 C–S Bonds Formation
- Scheme 16.15
- Scheme 16.16
- 16.10 GOLD CATALYSIS AND TOTAL SYNTHESIS
16.4.1 C–O Bonds Formation Various oxygen nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, carboxylic acids, ketones, aldehydes, carbonates, amides, have been employed in gold catalysis to functionalize alkynes, allenes, or even alkenes [8]. Their use allows the easy and generally efficient creation of at least one new C–O bond. A short selection of representative examples is shown in Scheme 16.13 [17]. 16.4.2 C–N Bonds Formation Nitrogen nucleophiles have also proven to be suitable nucleophiles in a series of gold-catalyzed reactions, as exemplified by the transformations shown below (Scheme 16.14) [18, 17c]. The great majority of the reactions deal with the formation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles. 16.4.3 C–S Bonds Formation While sulfur derivatives are generally considered as being poisonous for gold, they have nevertheless been successfully used in several gold-catalyzed transformations (Scheme 16.15) [19]. Their number remain however very limited when compared to reactions involving oxygen or nitrogen nucleophiles. GOLD-CATALYZED ACTIVATION OF MULTIPLE CARBON–CARBON BONDS 215 AuCl
Ph O Ph O Ph O [(i Pr)AuCl]/AgSbF 6 1,4-Dioxane/ H 2 O (2 : 1) 120
°C, 18 h (50 ppm)
85% MeOH, 20 °C (2 mol%)
99% Neat, 30 °C, 2.5 h (5 mol%)
i PrOH (1.5 equiv) 96% [(Ph
3 P)AuCl]/AgOTf HN O
AuCl 3 AuCl 3 Br O C 8 H 17 N O Ph O Br C 8 H 17 Toluene
(1 mol%) 86%
CH 2 Cl 2 , 20
°C (5 mol%)
95% MeO
2 C n-Bu OH AuCl
O n-Bu
MeO 2 C CH 3 CN, 20 °C (5 mol%)
73% O O Ph Ph OH Ph HO 20 °C O
Examples of gold-catalyzed C–O bonds formation. [(pCF
3 Ph)
3 P]AuNTf
2 CH 2 Cl 2 , 20 °C, 15 min 90%
(2 mol%) N Ts Ts N AuCl 3 CH 2 Cl 2 , 20 °C (2 mol%)
NH 2 OBn i-Pr H 5 days N H
74% O
NH CCl
3 [(Ph
3 P)AuCl]/AgBF 4 (CH
2 Cl 2 ) 2 , 0 °C 86%
(5 mol%) O OBn N CCl
3 H OMe [((o -tolyl)Ph 2 P)Au]/ Toluene, 80 °C, 6 h
(10 mol%) OMe
95% Morpholine N O
OBn Scheme 16.14 Examples of gold-catalyzed C–N bonds formation. AuCl SH
i-Pr H S i-Pr CH 2 Cl 2 , 20 °C (5 mol%)
1.5 h 88%
Ph S AuCl Toluene (2 mol%)
S Ph 98% OMe MeO
25 °C MeO Scheme 16.15 Examples of gold-catalyzed C–S bonds formation. 216 ORGANOGOLD CATALYSIS: HOMOGENEOUS GOLD-CATALYZED TRANSFORMATIONS FOR A GOLDEN JUBILEE OTMS OMOM
N Cl 2 Au O O N H NDBS CO 2 Me N H NDBS CO 2 Me OMOM O H H CH 2 Cl 2 /H 2 O (2 mol%) 85% 20 °C 0.5 h AuCl 3 (5 mol%) 75% CH 2 Cl 2 20 °C CO 2 Me MeO
2 C Ph CO 2 Me MeO 2 C Ph CO 2 Me MeO
2 C [(XPhos)Au]NTf 2 MeO
2 C MeO 2 C 92% CHCl 3 , reflux (4 mol%) 87%
AuCl 3 (1 mol%) CH 2 Cl 2 20 °C, 5 min AcO Ph [(JohnPhos)Au]NTf 2 Ph OAc Me CH 2 Cl 2 , 20 °C (1 mol%)
97% [(Ph
3 P)Au]NTf
2 CH 2 Cl 2 , 20 °C (0.1 mol%) 96% 5 min
CO 2 Me MeO 2 C CO 2 Me MeO 2 C CO 2 Me MeO 2 C (JohnPhos)AuCl/ CO 2 Me MeO
2 C 85% CH 2 Cl 2 , 20
°C (5 mol%)
1.5 h AgSbF
6 AuCl
3 Ph NHTs Ph NTs
(5 mol%) 82%
CH 3 CN 20 °C
Examples of gold-catalyzed cycloisomerizations.
The development of new procedures for the creation of C–C bonds is of major importance in organic synthesis. In this respect, gold catalysis has emerged as a very efficient synthetic tool, allowing the generally easy and efficient formation of such bonds by addition of various carbone nucleophiles onto alkynes, allenes, and alkenes. These transformations, which can be performed in an intra- or intermolecular manner, are extremely varied. It should however be noted that the cycloisomerization of ene-ynes, diene-ynes, or ene-allenes remains the most frequently encountered. A very short selection of such transformations is presented in Scheme 16.16 [15g,k, 20]. Besides alkenes, several other carbon nucleophiles, as for instance, diketones and aryl groups, can participate in gold- catalyzed reactions. Selected examples of intermolecular reactions are displayed in Scheme 16.17 [17c, 21].
A certain number of aurated intermediates, arising from the initial addition of a nucleophile to a gold-activated π-system, can be trapped in the presence of an external reagent. This is typically the case when propargylic esters are used as the COUPLING REACTIONS 217 Ph AuCl 3 /AgSbF
6 Ph CH 3 NO 2 , 60 °C (5 mol%) 85% 16 h
MeO OMe
OMe (4-ClPhO) 3 PAuCl/
OMe MeO
OMe 95%
CH 2 Cl 2 , 20
°C (5 mol%)
2 h AgBF
4 O O Cl AuCl
3 /AgOTf
Cl O O CH 2 Cl 2 , 20
°C (5 mol%)
97% Scheme 16.17 Examples of intermolecular gold-catalyzed C–C bonds formation. AcO Ph
3 P)AuCl/AgSbF 6 Ph
AuL Ph Ph OAc Ph (2 mol%) 65% BzO
N Cl 2 Au O O (5 mol%) CH 2 Cl 2 , 0
°C N N O Me Ph N N O Me Ph OBz 98% CH 3 NO 2 , 20 °C [1 + 2]
OAc AuL
[3 + 2] Scheme 16.18 Examples of transformations involving gold carbenoid intermediates. substrates. In the presence of a gold catalyst, propargylic esters can indeed lead to the formation of reactive gold carbenoid intermediates that can be subsequently intercepted. Two representative examples, in which either an alkene or an azomethine imine is used as the trapping agent, are pictured in Scheme 16.18 [22]. A series of other structurally different cationic intermediates, generated following a gold-catalyzed cyclization step, are also susceptible to be trapped by an oxygen, nitrogen, or even carbon-centered nucleophile (Scheme 16.19) [23].
As mentioned in Section 16.2, gold-activated alkynes can react with a special family of nucleophiles of type Nu-LG (Nu, nucleophilic moiety; LG, leaving group) in order to generate vinylgold intermediates 30 and gold carbenoid species 31 that can evolve following different pathways in the presence of a nucleophilic trapping agent (Scheme 16.20). These unusual gold intermediates are accessible using oxene or nitrene precursors, such as pyridine oxide, nitrones, sulfoxide, nitro derivatives (for oxenes), or azides (for nitrenes), as the nucleophiles. Reactions involving these species are typical of gold catalysis and can be performed in an inter- or intramolecular manner to produce a broad variety of compounds as demonstrated by the examples depicted in Scheme 16.20 [24]. 16.7 COUPLING REACTIONS Even if it is known that gold(I) species are not prone to oxidation, several recent studies have shown that a series of oxidative transformations, such as cross-coupling reactions, can also be performed, thus extending the synthetic possibilities offered
218 ORGANOGOLD CATALYSIS: HOMOGENEOUS GOLD-CATALYZED TRANSFORMATIONS FOR A GOLDEN JUBILEE MeO 2
MeO 2 C Ph H O (Ph 3 P)AuCl/AgSbF 6 MeO
2 C MeO 2 C LAu MeO 2 C MeO 2 C O H Ph 68% (2 mol%)
−45 °C à 20 °C CH 2 Cl 2 MeO 2 C MeO 2 C Ph OMe OMe
(Ph 3 P)AuCl/ MeO 2 C MeO 2 C Ph H LAu MeO 2 C MeO 2 C Ph OMe
OMe H (3 mol%) Et 2 O, 20 °C + 73% AgSbF 6 Ph O N [(i Pr)Au]NTf 2 [(XPhos)Au]NTf 2 AcO
Ph O Ph LAu Ph AcO LAu H N PhO 2 S O Ph H H Ph AcO OH H (5 mol%) (CH 2 Cl) 2 , 70
°C 15 min
87% 90%
(2 mol%) CH 2 Cl 2 /acetone/ H 2 O 20 °C SO 2 Ph
Examples of transformations involving an intermolecular trapping of a reactive cationic intermediate. by gold catalysis. These transformations, which can be performed in an inter- or intramolecular manner, generally require the presence of a strong oxidizing agent (Selectfluor ® or iodonium species) that may be used in combination with a coupling agent (boronic acids, silyl derivatives). Selected examples are presented in Scheme 16.21 [25]. It should be pointed out that the mechanism has not been clarified for the majority of the reported transformations [26]. 16.8 GENERATION OF STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY As seen from the examples assembled in Scheme 16.22 [27], gold catalysis has proven to be a powerful synthetic tool not only for the generation of molecular diversity but also for the creation of structural complexity [8k]. From easily accessible substrates, especially linear derivatives, it is indeed possible to generate in a rapid, selective, and efficient manner several new cycles and/or asymmetric centers. Notably, the compounds shown in Scheme 16.22 would not be so easily obtained using more traditional synthetic methods. 16.9 ASYMMETRIC CATALYSIS When compared to the plethora of gold-catalyzed synthetic transformations reported so far, the number of asymmetric gold- catalyzed reactions remains relatively low. As noted in Section 16.3.3, this situation is mainly due to the preferential linear structural arrangement of gold(I) complexes, which does not help for efficiently relaying the stereochemical information from the ligand to the gold(I)-activated substrate [8f,n]. Two main strategies have therefore been developed to overcome this
GOLD CATALYSIS AND TOTAL SYNTHESIS 219 (5 mol%)
[Au] Nu [Au] Nu LG LG − LG [Au] Nu • Oxene precursor: O LG [Au] O • Nitrene precursor: N N 2 [Au] N R R N O R S R ′ O R ′ R ′′ N R O OH O O N 3 N 3 OH O AuL [(2-Biphenyl)Cy 2 PAu]NTf
2 (CH
2 Cl)
2 , 20
°C Tf 2 NH (1.2 equiv) 81%
N O CO 2 Me Br (2 equiv) N Bn O OH AuCl 3 (2 mol%)
CH 3 NO 2 20 °C, 1 h 78% O OH N Bn [Au] O O[Au]
N Bn O O NHBn
N H O C 5 H 11 C 5 H 11 N 3 [(IAd)Au]NTf 2 (4 mol%)
96% (CH
2 Cl)
2 55 °C, 4 h N AuL
C 5 H 11 OH (10 equiv) N H O C 5 H 11 Nu Nu 30 31 [Au]
Nu Nu − LG Products
N 3
Examples of transformations involving the use of oxene and nitrene precursors as nucleophiles. difficulty: the first relies on a control of the enantioselectivity by employing a chiral bulky ligand (a dinuclear gold(I) complex possessing an axially chiral biaryl diphosphine ligand, which is generally used as the catalyst, see Section 16.3.3); the second relies on a control of the enantioselectivity by using a chiral counteranion, which forms a tight ion pair with the cationic gold(I) fragment (which can be itself chiral or not). Several examples of asymmetric gold(I)-catalyzed transformations involving the use of one of these two strategies are depicted in Scheme 16.23 [28]. It should be noted that the control of the enantioselectivity by the ligand is the most commonly employed strategy and that no chiral catalytic system has proven so far to have a wide applicability. 16.10 GOLD CATALYSIS AND TOTAL SYNTHESIS The use of gold-catalyzed reactions in the total synthesis of natural products or biologically active molecules remains so far relatively limited. One can explain such a situation by the fact that the interest in gold catalysis is rather recent, and that most of the efforts carried out in this area have concerned the exploration of the reactivity of gold species and the development of new synthetic methods. The applications of gold catalysis in total synthesis that have been reported so far are however highly characteristic of its synthetic potential, more especially in terms of efficiency, selectivity, and compatibility with various 220 ORGANOGOLD CATALYSIS: HOMOGENEOUS GOLD-CATALYZED TRANSFORMATIONS FOR A GOLDEN JUBILEE Ph 3
MeCN, 60 °C OH B OH OH (2 equiv) O Selectfluor ® (2 equiv) 73% B
OH (2 equiv) dppm(AuBr) 2 (5 mol%) MeCN/ MeOH
: 9/1 Selectfluor ® (2 equiv) 79% MeOH
Me OAc
C 4 H 9 B OH OH (2 equiv) Ph 3
MeCN/H 2 O : 20/1 Selectfluor ® (2 equiv) 72% 80 °C, 15 min C 4 H 9 O NPhth 50 °C, 14 h
NPhth OMe
NH NHTs
O N NTs O Ph 3 PAuCl/AgOAc PhIOAc (1.2 equiv) 90% (CHCl)
2 , 55
°C, 10 h NaOAc (0.5 equiv) (7.5 mol%) S C 6 H 13 O I O TIPS (1.2 equiv) TFA (1.2 equiv) 83%
MeCN, 23 °C, 15 h
AuCl (5 mol%) S C 6 H 13 TIPS (1.5 equiv) dppm(AuBr) 2 (5 mol%) MeCN, 50 °C, 14 h
Selectfluor ® (2 equiv) 87% MeOH (10 equiv) TMS
Examples of gold-catalyzed coupling reactions. functional groups. The gold-catalyzed propargyl Claisen rearrangement used in the total synthesis of the Azadirachtine by Ley et al. (see Scheme 16.3) is probably one of the best illustrations of the synthetic potential of gold catalysis. Three other selected examples of total syntheses or synthetic approaches involving the use of a gold-catalyzed transformation are presented below. During their total synthesis of ( −)-rhazinilam, Nelson et al. [29] have employed a gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization of an allene-ene that allows the formation of the tetrahydroindolizidine motif of the targeted molecule (Scheme 16.24). In this transformation, the gold complex (Ph 3 P)AuOTf catalyzes the efficient and stereoselective 6-exo addition of the pyrrole ring to the chiral trisubstituted allene moiety, thus generating the heterobicyclic motif and the adjacent quaternary asymmetric center.
CONCLUSION 221 N H O O Ph C 4 H 9 (Ph
3 P)AuCl/AgSbF 6 N
O O LAu Ph C 4 H 9 N H O Ph C 4 H 9 H O (1 mol%) CH 2 Cl 2 , 20 °C, 2 h 98%
• 2 new C–C • 2 new cycles CO 2 Me MeO
2 C H Me MeO
2 C MeO 2 C AuL MeO 2 C MeO 2 C H 90%
(4 mol%) [(XPhos)Au]NTf 2 CH
Cl 2 , 20 °C • 3 new C–C • 3 new cycles MeO 2
MeO 2 C i-Pr O LAu MeO 2 C MeO 2 C O i-Pr H MeO 2 C MeO 2 C O H i-Pr AuCl (3 mol%) CH 2
2 , 20
°C 84%
• 2 new C–C • 1 new C–O • 3 new cycles • 3 new asymmetric centers OAc (Ph
3 P)AuCl/AgSbF 6 (2 mol%)
CH 2 Cl 2 , 20
°C, 10 min 98%
H H OAc H H OAc AuL • 3 new C–C • 3 new cycles • 4 new asymmetric centers Download 11.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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