Modals and past time
Look at the following pairs of sentences:
1. a) Can you come tomorrow?
b) Could you come tomorrow?
2. a) I may come.
b) I might come.
What time reference do they have? What is the difference between them?
In the past it was common to match up the modals in present tense/past tense pairs:
can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should. While there is a historical justification
for this, such a position is no longer tenable (and what would the past of must be
anyway?). The relationship between, for example, can and could is not the same
as that between a present/past pair such as see and saw. All the so-called ‘past
tense’ modals, like could and might above, can be used for future time, which is not
possible for the past tense of main verbs (apart from exceptional cases). For this
reason we prefer to talk about the modals one by one.
However, there is something in common between the past tense and could, might,
would and should. This is the idea of tentativity or distance that they can convey. For
example, compare the politeness of might in
Might I have a look?
with that expressed by the past tense in
I wanted to ask you a question.
This distancing effect of modals is particularly true in reported speech: He can come/I
said he could come). Here the difference is the same as the present/past distinction in
main verbs. See B12 for more on reporting.
There are other past uses of could and would:
When I was young I could understand German. (a general past ability)
After school we would go down to the shopping centre. (for past habits)
In addition, most modals can be combined with the perfect aspect to express past time:
He must/will/would/could/may/might have finished by now.
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