Questions, suggestions and issues to consider
1. Compare Swan’s ‘thought experiment’ with the illustration in A1 (where we
imagined a learner memorising all the words of a language and then trying to
communicate). Are they similar?
2. Compare Swan’s definition of grammar in the final paragraph with the three
in A1. How are they similar/different?
3. Consider the three strategies mentioned above by Swan. English makes use of all
three to some extent, for example:
arranging words (word order): adjectives generally come before the noun
❏
they modify, for example blue cheese
altering the shape of words (‘inflections’ and ‘derivations’): for example, the
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plural and genitive endings for nouns (dog, dogs, dog’s, dogs’)
using little function words such as
❏
of (see B1)
Think of other examples in English.
4. Think of another language you know well and compare it with English according
to these three strategies. (For example, most European languages make much
more use of inflections.)
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