English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
Count and mass phenomena
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
8.2 Count and mass phenomena
Let us take as the starting point the fact that solid physical objects such as bicycles and cats are typically designated by count nouns, whereas liquids such as water and oil are typically designated by mass nouns. One salient difference between solid objects such as bicycles and cats on the one hand and liquids such as water and oil on the other is that the former have a characteristic shape and well-defined boundaries, whereas the latter lack such a characteristic profile, moulding themselves to the shape of their container. And whereas solid objects have an internal structure typically 194 E X T E N S I O N consisting of discrete components (a bicycle has a frame, wheels, handlebars, pedals, and so on), liquids tend to be internally homogeneous. One consequence of this is that any particular ‘segment’ of a liquid counts as equivalent to any other segment. For example, if I dip a cup into a pond and remove some water, then this particular segment of ‘water’ is, for all practical purposes, identical to any other segment of water that I might have scooped up. But most parts of a bicycle are different from the other parts. Consider now such phenomena as slime, mud, and silt. In terms of their texture, these are intermediate between solids and liquids but they resemble liquids more than solids with respect to their external boundaries (they lack a characteristic shape) and internal structure (they tend to be homogeneous). It is therefore not surprising that the corresponding nouns belong to the mass category (*several slimes, *these muds). The same applies to internally homogeneous solids such as earth, clay, and cement. Chemically speaking, of course, all these substances consist of particles (as indeed does water), so that in this sense they are made up of large numbers of elements. But this is irrelevant to practical human concerns – and therefore to language. When we come to consider phenomena such as sand, sugar, rice, soot, dust, and so on, we begin to approach the point where there is a potential motivation for con- strual in terms of a collection of individuated objects rather than a substance. The particles of which sugar and sand are composed are at least discernible to the human eye. In principle, therefore, there is no intrinsic reason why English should not have a word that refers to a single grain of sugar (for example, flig), in which case I might point to a pile of sugar and say Here are some fligs. But there are obvious reasons why there is no such word. Whenever sugar manifests itself to us, it always does so in the form of a conglomerate of thousands of ‘fligs’, tightly packed together, so that the word flig would serve little practical purpose. Moreover, sugar in this form behaves just like water. It moulds itself to the shape of a container and is internally homogeneous. Some of these points also apply to noodles, but grammatically speaking we have now crossed the mass/count frontier, since noodle is a count noun. Individual noodles are bigger than individual grains of rice, which provides some motivation for the grammatical distinction. (It is easier to eat a single noodle than a single grain of rice.) It has to be said, however, that a single noodle is unlikely to be of great interest to anyone. To take a similar example, there is very little difference between the size of the particles that make up a pile of gravel and those that make up a pile of pebbles, but gravel is a mass noun, whereas pebble is a count noun. Although there is undoubtedly a certain degree of arbitrariness in these cases, located as they are at the boundary between objects and substances, this does not mean that there is no semantic motivation for the count/mass distinction in general. In fact, the indeterminacy that we find in cases such as gravel and pebbles is precisely what one would expect in a theory in which the objective properties of entities are subject to processes of perception and construal. Time and again in language, we come across situations where the distinction between two categories is semantically motivated, but where the behaviour of phenomena located at or near the boundary is not wholly predictable. Just as a pile of gravel is not a prototypical mass phenomenon C O U N T A N D M A S S N O U N S 195 (since it is composed of a number of perceptually distinguishable particles), so pebbles and noodles are not prototypical count phenomena, given that individual pebbles and noodles are generally not as perceptually salient as individual cats and bicycles and are of much less interest to human beings. One strong argument for the claim that there is a semantic basis for the count/ mass distinction is the fact that some nouns have both count and mass uses, asso- ciated with a clear difference in meaning. Consider: 1. (a) Could I have a potato? (count) (b) Could I have some potato? (mass) 2. (a) I’ll have an egg. (count) (b) I’ll have some egg. (mass) 3. (a) I’d like a pumpkin. (count) (b) I’d like some pumpkin. (mass) 4. (a) There were a lot of newspapers in the box. (count) (b) There was a lot of newspaper in the box. (mass) 5. (a) There’s a glass on the table. (count) (b) It’s made of glass. (mass) Potatoes, eggs, and pumpkins normally manifest themselves as unitary, individuated, countable objects and they may retain this character in cooking and serving. However, if a potato or pumpkin is mashed or an egg scrambled, its character changes. It becomes a homogeneous substance from which portions can be removed or further portions added without changing its character. These examples show that, strictly speaking, the terms ‘count’ and ‘mass’ do not refer to types of noun but to particular uses of nouns, though it is true that many nouns normally appear only in one or the other use-type, given the nature of the entity that they designate. It would be a mistake, however, to attempt to motivate the count/mass distinction purely in terms of the physical properties of phenomena. Consider, for example, the case of liquid substances. I began this discussion by observing that liquids are typically designated by mass nouns (I’ll have some water, There’s beer in the fridge, He drank a Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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