English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
Figure 2-11 Same item functioning as psychological, grammatical and
logical Subject In the second example, on the other hand, all three are separated (Figure 2-12). In this teapot my aunt was given by the duke, the psychological Subject is this teapot. That is to say, it is ‘this teapot’ that is the concern of the message – that the speaker has taken as the point of embarkation of the clause. But the grammatical Subject is my aunt: ‘my aunt’ is the one of whom the statement is predicated – in respect of whom the clause is claimed to be valid, and therefore can be argued about as true or false. Only the logical Subject is still the duke: ‘the duke’ is the doer of the deed – the one who is said to have carried out the process that the clause represents. this teapot my aunt was given by the duke psychological Subject grammatical Subject logical Subject Figure 2-12 Psychological, grammatical and logical Subject realised by different items 254 E X T E N S I O N As long as we concern ourselves only with idealised clause patterns, such as John runs or the boy threw the ball, we can operate with the label Subject as if it referred to a single undifferentiated concept. In clauses of this type, the functions of psycho- logical, grammatical and logical Subject all coincide. In the boy threw the ball, the boy would still be Subject no matter which of the three definitions we were using, like the duke in the first of our examples above. But as soon as we take account of natural living language, and of the kinds of variation that occur in it, in which the order of elements can vary, passives can occur as well as actives, and so on, it is no longer possible to base an analysis on the assumption that these three concepts are merely different aspects of one and the same general notion. They have to be interpreted as what they really are – three separate and distinct functions. There is no such thing as a general concept of ‘Subject’ of which these are different varieties. They are not three kinds of anything; they are three quite different things. In order to take account of this, we will replace the earlier labels by separate ones which relate more specifically to the functions concerned: psychological Subject: Theme grammatical Subject: Subject logical Subject: Actor We can now relabel Figure 2-12 as in Figure 2-13. this teapot my aunt was given by the duke Theme Subject Actor Figure 2-13 Theme, Subject and Actor In the duke gave my aunt this teapot, the roles of Theme, Subject and Actor are all combined in the one element the duke. In this teapot my aunt was given by the duke, all three are separated. All the additional combinations are also possible: any two roles may be conflated, with the third kept separate. For example, if we keep the duke as Actor, we can have Theme = Subject with Actor separate, as in Figure 2-14(a); Subject = Actor with Theme separate as in (b); or Theme = Actor with Subject separate as in Figure 2-14(c). In any interpretation of the grammar of English we need to take note of all these possible forms, explaining how and why they differ. They are all, subtly but signi- ficantly, different in meaning; at the same time they are all related, and related in a systematic way. Any comparable set of clauses in English would make up a similar Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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