English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- 246–250 conjunctions 56–57
- 154–155 -ing nouns 154–155 -ing participles 29–30, 154–155 intensifiers 26, 94
Prepositions in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hilpert, Martin. 2008. The English Comparative – Language Structure and Language Use. English Language and Linguistics 12/3, 395–417. Huddleston, R. 1984. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hudson, R. 1990. English Word Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell. Jespersen, O. 1933. Essentials of English Grammar. London: George Allen & Unwin. Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Lakoff, R. 1969. Some reasons why there can’t be a ‘some/any’ rule. Language 45, 608–615. 266 R E F E R E N C E S Lewis, M. 1986. The English Verb. Hove: Language Teaching Publications. Piaget, Jean. [1936] 1952. The Origins of Intelligence in Children, trans. by M. Cook. New York: International Universities Press. Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech and J. Svartvik. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman. Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech and J. Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Harlow: Longman. Saussure, F. de. [1915] 1974. Course in General Linguistics, trans. by W. Baskin. London: Fontana/Collins. Scott, M. 1996. Wordsmith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Seuren, P.A.M. 1990. Western Linguistics: an Historical Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell. Sinclair, J., R. Moon et al. 1989. Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. London: Collins. Swan, M. 1995 (second edition). Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thompson, Geoff. 1994. Collins COBUILD English Guides 5: Reporting. London: HarperCollins. Ware, R.X. 1979. Some bits and pieces. In F.J. Pelletier (ed.) Mass Terms: Some Philosophical Problems. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, pp. 15–29. Yates, S.J. 1996. Oral and written aspects of computer conferencing. In S. Herring (ed.) Computer Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 29–46. INDEX OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS You can use this index to find explanations of important terms and concepts. Only major locations are listed; the most important ones are in bold where there is more than one. Only a few key terms introduced in the C and D sections are included. central adverbs 93–94 central modals 105 clause elements 46–51 clause patterns 51 clauses 45–46 clause types 119 clefting 68 closed word classes 78 cohesion 132 collective nouns 9 comment adverbs 94–95 common nouns 12 comparative adjectives 22 comparison of adjectives 22–23, 150–154 complement clauses 60–61 complements noun ~ 16 adjective ~ 24 compound sentences 54–55 concrete nouns 13 conditionals 60, 64, 246–250 conjunctions 56–57, 80 contact clauses 59 contact relative clauses 127 content words 78 contextual ellipsis 72–73 continuous aspect 101 contractions 42–43 conversion 12, 143–144 coordinating conjunctions 56 coordination 55, 74 countable 13–14 counting expressions 8, 13 count nouns 12–14 abstract nouns 13 active (voice) 38 adjective complements 24 adjective phrases 24 adjectives 21, 79 adverbials 26, 50–51 adverbial clauses 59–60 adverbs 24–25, 80 agents 46, 234 agreement subject-verb ~ 46–47 determiner-noun ~ 19 alternative questions 120 anaphora 90, 132 animate nouns 11 antecedents 128–130 apposition 17 appositive clauses 60 articles 87–89 aspect 100–101 assertion 203–204 see also asserting 6 attributive adjectives 21 auxiliaries 35–37, 80 backshift 136–138 bare infinitives 31 be going to future 32, 215 by phrases 38 cardinal numerals 18 case 84 cataphora 90 268 I N D E X O F T E R M S A N D C O N C E P T S declarative questions 119 declaratives 119 deep structure 133–134 defining relative clauses 129 definite article 89–92 definite reference 89 definite determiners 202 degree adverbs 94 deictic 83 demonstrative determiners 18 demonstrative pronouns 86 descriptive (grammar) 5 determiners 17, 19 directives 124 direct objects 48 direct speech 135–136 ditransitive patterns 115–116 do auxiliary 41 dummy ~ auxiliary 41, 134 ~ subject 68, 134 -ed adjectives 24 -ed participles 29–30, 156–157 ellipsis 132 see also contextual ellipsis end focus 65–66 end weight 65 ergative verbs 162–163 ergativity 162 exclamatives 123 existential there 66–67 experiencer subjects 46 extraposition 67–68 extrinsic modality 106–107 finite subordinate clauses 59–61 finite verb forms 31–32 form and function with adverbs 25–26 with clause types 124 formal opposed to ‘notional’ 79–80 opposed to ‘informal’ 70–71 formality 70–71 fragments 54–55 fronting 67 function – see form function words 78, 191 ‘future’ tense 32–33 gender 84 generalising (with noun phrases) 92 generic (uses of pronouns) 85–86 generic reference 88–89 genitive 10–12 gradability 22 grammar 2–6, 188–191 heads 15 hedging 220–225 imperatives 123–124 inanimate nouns 12 indefinite article 89 indefinite determiners 202 indefinite pronouns 86 indefinite reference 89 indirect objects 48 infinitives 30–31 inflections 22, 79–80, 190 inflectional comparison 22 information structure 28 see also information principle 66 -ing adjectives 24, 154–155 -ing nouns 154–155 -ing participles 29–30, 154–155 intensifiers 26, 94 interrogative determiners 15, 86 interrogatives 40–42, 120 intonation 71–72 intransitive patterns 114 intransitive verbs 38, 158–159, 162 intrinsic modality 106–107 inversion subject-auxiliary ~ 40, 64–65 subject-verb phrase ~ 65 irregular adjectives 22 irregular plurals 10 irregular verbs 29–31 it clefts 68 jumping endings 35–36 I N D E X O F T E R M S A N D C O N C E P T S 269 left dislocation 75 linking adverbs 56, 95 link patterns 114 link transitive patterns 114 locative subjects 46 main clauses 55 major sentences 54 marginal modals 108 mass nouns 193–196 minor sentences 54 modal adverbs 94 modal auxiliaries 35–36, 105–107 negatives with ~ 41–42 montransitive patterns 115 morphology 3 multiple sentences 54–56 multi-word verbs 109–110 negatives 40–42 nominal clauses 59 noncount nouns 12–14 non-defining relative clauses 129 non-finite clauses 61–62 non-finite verb forms 31–32 non-sentences 54–55 non-stative verbs 103–104 notional definitions 79 noun complements 16 nouns 7, 79 noun phrases 14 number with nouns 8 with pronouns 84 numerals 18 objective case 84 object predicatives 50 objects 47–49 of phrases 11 open word classes 78 ordinal numerals 18 Download 1.74 Mb. 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