Grammatical peculiarities of toponyms in the english and uzbek languages

SUMMARY FOR CHAPTER III
The toponymic dictionary is a unique cognitive-pragmatic tool for knowing, collecting, reflecting, storing, transmitting and evaluating the phenomena of the surrounding world . Toponyms are linguistic symbols of natural language that indicate certain parts of topographical space. The toponymic layer of the dictionary is characterized by many processes and phenomena characteristic of common names : semantic variation (polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, hyperonymy, paronymy), word formation, motivation (morphological and semantic types), internal form (image) Mainly) Motivated nominations, figurative meaning (metaphor and metonymy), pragmatic aspect (expression of emotionality and evaluation).
The toponym has both linguistic and colloquial meaning. The value is mainly represented by the denotative component, which indicates the connection of the toponym with the designated object; a sign component associated with the ability to specify the denotation of a whole class of objects is also found in certain linguistic contexts. In addition, as in the general dictionary, the connotative (pragmatic) component is distinguished in the semantic structure of the toponymic dictionary as an emotional expressive and evaluative reflection of the objects of the external world. The linguo-didactic trend of toponymic research is also important, because learning a language should be closely related to the knowledge of the culture, history, and traditions of the peoples who speak this language.
It is difficult to imagine the modern world without geographical names. Each toponym contains different information: historical, geographical and linguistic, because geographical names indicate the historical conditions of the times when they appeared, formed and spread in certain countries.
Despite the long history of research and the existence of many works devoted to the study of toponyms, many problems that complicate the interpretation of toponyms, controversial issues related to the identification of the sources of toponyms and not only require more attention. linguists , but also historians.
Toponymics studies the names of geographical objects, proper names indicating their origin, development, present status, spelling and pronunciation. A set of toponyms of a specific area is called toponymy.
In current linguistics, there are two classifications of toponyms: a) according to the type of designated geographical objects; b) by structure.
According to the first classification, the following types of toponyms are distinguished: hydronyms, oronyms, place names, urbanism, microtoponymy, microtoponymy and anthroposophy.
Hydronyms are the names of water bodies (rivers, lakes, seas, gulfs, straits, canals, etc. ) and have a very high linguistic and historical value, because the names of water bodies have been preserved for centuries and thousands of years and have not changed much.
The next type of oronyms (from Greek oros - mountain) refers to the names of mountains (Grampians, Pennines).
The names of small settlements are divided into another group, which are called oikonyms (from Greek. oikos - residence, residence). These include the villages (Cuxton, Buttsole, Five Oak Green) and the towns of Crayford, Earlswood, Great Torrington.
Urbanonyms denoting the names of objects within the city (Latin urbanus - city) are divided into several types: godonyms (Greek. hodos - road, road, street, riverbed) - street names ( Baker Street, Lime Street, Whitehall . ) , agoronims (Greek agora - square) - square names (Trafalgar Square, Piccadilly Circus) and dromonyms (Greek dromos - running, movement, road) - communication routes names (Fosse Way, Icknield Way, Broxden Roundabout).
Macrotoponyms (from Greek macros-large) are proper names denoting the names of large geographical objects. First of all, these are the names of countries or historical regions, regions (France, Germany, Russia). Microtoponymy is usually associated with ethnonyms (Bulgarians - Bulgaria, Saxons - Saxony).
The names of small non-populated objects or microtoponyms (from the Greek micros - small) are physical-geographical or internal parts of the city (meadows, fields, groves, streets, lands, plots, hayfields, pastures, swamps, o (forests, burning, pastures, wells). , key, pool, threshold, etc. ) objects.
According to the structural (morphological) classification, toponyms are divided into 4 types: a) simple, b) derived, c) complex, d) combined.
Toponyms are of interest not only for linguistics, but also for history, geography, and culture, so there is a long history of toponymy research and a significant number of works devoted to the study of toponyms.