Is egri chizig'i foiz stavkalari va ishlab chiqarishning (YaIM) barcha darajalari to'plamini tasvirlaydi, bunda jami investitsiyalar (I) jami jamg'arma (S) ga teng


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Davlatning inqirozli siyosati[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Foiz stavkasi va inqirozlar (boshqa rangli ustun shaklida). Grafikdan koʻrish mumkinki, deyarli barcha inqirozlardan oldin uzoq vaqt davomida past foiz stavkalari amalda boʻlgan, keyin esa foiz stavkalari keskin oshgan va oqibatda iqtisodiy inqiroz yuzaga kelgan. Davlat inqirozni yumshatish va iqtisodiyotni stimullash uchun yana foiz stavkasini tushirgan.
Dunyodagi koʻpgina yirik inqirozlar davlatlarning notoʻgʻri makroiqtisodiy siyosatlari yoki iqtisodiyotni yetarli darajada nazorat qilmasliklari oqibatida sodir boʻlgan. Buyuk Depressiya, dot-com bubble (texnologiyalar bozoridagi inqiroz) va jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi shular jumlasidan. Texnologiyalar bozorida economic bubble paydo boʻlishiga investitsion firmalarning qalbaki moliyaviy hisobotlari, kompaniyalar va OAV tomonidan berilgan yolgʻon axborot sababchi boʻlgan[197][198][199][200]. Buyuk Depressiya yuzaga kelishida esa yuqori boj tariflari, Federal Rezerv Tizimining moliya bozoridagi keng qamrovli spekulyatsiyani vaqtida bartaraf etmaganligi, iqtisodiy faollik past boʻlgan sharoitda foizlarni keskin koʻtarishi va 1930—1931-yillarda yuzaga kelgan bank run sabab qilib koʻrsatiladi[201][202][203][204][205]. Iqtisodchilar Emi Nakamura va Jón Steinssonning 2018-yildagi xulosalariga koʻra, shuncha inqirozlardan soʻng ham, davlatlar tomonidan olib borilayotgan turli makroiqtisodiy siyosatlar oqibatlari har doim ham ijobiy natijalarga olib kelmayapti va shu sababli bunday siyosatlar tanqid ostida qolmoqda[206]. COVID-19 pandemiyasi paytida qabul qilingan iqtisodiy qarorlar yetarli darajada samarali emasligi sababli, u iqtisodiyotga ham, odamlar hayotini saqlashda ham kutilganidek yordam bermadi[207][208][209][210].
Empirik tadqiqotlarga koʻra, hukumatning foiz stavkasini pasaytirish siyosati koʻp hollarda keyingi inqirozlarga sharoit yaratadi[211]. Iqtisodiy liberalizm gʻoyalariga ega boʻlgan iqtisodchi F.Hayekning fikriga koʻra, Markaziy banklar tomonidan foiz stavkasining tushirilishi nafaqat investitsiyalar hajmini sunʼiy darajada oshiradi, balki notoʻgʻri investitsion siyosatni paydo qiladi. Bunday investitsion siyosat sharoitida uzoq muddatlarga moʻljallangan investitsiyalar hajmi qisqa muddatli investitsiyalarga nisbatan keskin darajada koʻpayib ketadi. Oqibatda iqtisodiyotda muvozanat buziladi va iqtisodiy bum inqirozga aylanadi[212][213]. Bu jarayon iqtisodiyotda „Hangover theory“ deb yuritiladi va hozirgacha past foiz stavkalari tufayli yuzaga kelgan inqirozlarni asoslashda ishlatiladi[214][215].
Iqtisodiy oʻsish[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Makroiqtisodiy siyosatning yana bir muhim vazifasi bu iqtisodiy oʻsishga erishish hisoblanadi. Nazariy darajada daromadlar tengsizligi, davlatlar orasidagi iqtisodiy oʻsish sur’atlaridagi farq va barqaror rivojlanish bilan iqtisodiy oʻsish nazariyasi shugʻullanadi. Bu masalalarni oʻrganuvchi birinchi tadqiqotlar XVIII asrda, asosiy gʻoyasi tugʻilish koʻrsatkichini pasaytirishga qaratilgan maltuschilik taʼlimotida aks ettirilgan. Thomas Robert Malthus oʻzining „Nufus qonuni toʻgʻrisida tajriba“ asarida aholi soni juda tez koʻpayib boradi, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining oʻsishi esa, ancha orqada qolib ketadi, degan fikrlarni keltirgan[216]. Lekin, Malthus gʻoyasi matematik jihatdan aniq tasdiqlanmaganligi, texnologik progress va inson xulq-atvorini hisobga olmasligi, empirik maʼlumotlardan keskin farq qilganligi[217] tufayli, koʻplab olimlar tomonidan tanqid qilingan[218][219]. 1930-yillarda Big push modeliga asoslangan keynschilik gʻoyalari avj oldi. Bu gʻoyaning maqsadi davlat investitsiyalari orqali Industrial oʻsishni taʼminlash edi. 1950-yillar oxirlariga kelib, iqtisodiyotda „Solow modeli“ singari neoklassik modellar aktuallashib bordi. Neoklassik modellar faqatgina iqtisodiy muvozanatga erishish va uni taʼminlash masalalarinigina oʻrganar edi[220][221]. 1980-yillar soʻnggida tuzilgan modellar iqtisodiy oʻsish sababi sifatida tashqi samaralarni koʻrsatgan. Ammo, bu modellardagi gʻoyalar amalda oʻz tasdigʻini topmadi. 1990-yillar boshlarida esa, tadqiqot va texnologik ishlanmalar sektorida yuzaga keluvchi monopol foyda hisobiga iqtisodiy oʻsishni taʼminovchi nazariya ishlab chiqildi[222]. XXI asrda yangi klassik maktab va yangi institutsionalizm maktabi iqtisodiy oʻsishga bogʻliq turli modellarni ishlab chiqishdi; yagona oʻsish nazariyasiga asoslangan model vujudga keldi[223].
Iqtisodiy oʻsish omillari[224][225][226]:

  • Mehnat (iqtisodiyotda ishlangan umumiy soatlar soni);

  • Inson kapitali;

  • Ashyoviy kapital miqdori;

  • Texnologik progress;

  • Erkin savdo;

  • Mamlakatdagi erkinlik darajasi[227].

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

    1. ↑ Kluegel, James R. (1987). "Macro-Economic Problems, Beliefs about the Poor and Attitudes toward Welfare Spending". Social Problems 34 (1): 82—99. doi:10.2307/800731.

    2. ↑ „Macroeconomic Issues“.

    3. ↑ Asqarova, Zaxidov & Djumayev 2019, ss. 8–9.

    4. ↑ „What is economic growth? And why is it so important?“.

    5. ↑ „Unemployment, Britannica“.

    6. ↑ „The fight against unemployment, European Parliament“.

    7. ↑ „Understanding inflation, Bank of Canada“.

    8. ↑ Greenlaw & Taylor 2018, ss. 210–214.

    9. ↑ Asqarova, Zaxidov & Djumayev 2019, ss. 164–168.

    10. ↑ Greenlaw & Taylor 2018, ss. 350–353.

    11. ↑ Asqarova, Zaxidov & Djumayev 2019, ss. 262–263.

    12. ↑ Greenlaw & Taylor 2018, ss. 240–244.

    13. ↑ Mankiw, N Gregory. Macroeconomics, 7th, New York: Worth Publishers, 2010 — 15 bet. ISBN 978-1-4292-1887-0. 

    14. ↑ LaHaye L. „Mercantilism“ // Library Fund, Inc.

    15. ↑ Tashmatov, Asatullayev & Allaberganov 2019, s. 112.

    16. ↑ „Tableau économique, Britannica“.

    17. ↑ „Marxism, Britannica“.

    18. ↑ „Marxist Theory of Crises“.

    19. ↑ Huato J. „Theories of Surplus-Value“ // Progress Publishers.

    20. ↑ Munro J. „Some Basic Principles of Marxian Economics“.

    21. ↑ Tashmatov, Asatullayev & Allaberganov 2019, s. 99—100.

    22. ↑ „WILLIAM PETTY: AN UNLIKELY INFLUENCE ON KARL MARx“.

    23. ↑ Tashmatov, Asatullayev & Allaberganov 2019, s. 10.

    24. ↑ Grampp, William D. (June 2000). "What Did Smith Mean by the Invisible Hand?". Journal of Political Economy (University of Chicago Press) 108 (3).

    25. ↑ „Market equilibrium“.

    26. ↑ „BLS Information“. Glossary. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services (28-fevral 2008-yil). Qaraldi: 5-may 2009-yil.

    27. ↑ „Comparative advantage, Britannica“.

    28. ↑ Say, Jean-Baptiste. A Treatise on Political Economy, sixth American, Philadelphia: Grigg & Elliott, 1834 — 138 bet. 

    29. ↑ Frank, Robert H.; Bernanke, Ben S.. Principles of Macroeconomics, 3rd, Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2007 — 98 bet. ISBN 978-0-07-319397-7. 

    30. ↑ „Austrian School of Economics: Founders, Key Ideas, and Insights“.

    31. ↑ Moreno-Casas, Vicente (2023). "The Austrian School and Mathematics: Reconsidering Methods in Light of Complexity Economics". Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 25 (4): 147–175. doi:10.35297/qjae.010142.

    32. ↑ Menger, Carl. Principles of Economics. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007. 

    33. ↑ Heath, Joseph. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 1 May 2018. 

    34. ↑ Ludwig von Mises. Human Action, p. 11, „Purposeful Action and Animal Reaction“. Referenced 2011-11-23

    35. ↑ „Austrian school of economics, Britannica“.

    36. ↑ „15 Great austrian economists“.

    37. ↑ „Marshallian Cross Diagrams and Their Uses before Alfred Marshall: The Origins of Supply and Demand Geometry“.

    38. ↑ Tashmatov, Asatullayev & Allaberganov 2019, s. 11.

    39. ↑ Marshall 1920, ss. 275–285.

    40. ↑ Marshall 1920, ss. 212–221.

    41. ↑ Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus (2004). Economics, 18th ed., Glossary of Terms, „Long run“ and „Short run.“

    42. ↑ Kee, Robert C. "Evaluating The Economics Of Short- And Long-Run Production-Related Decisions". Journal of Managerial Issues 13 (2): 139—158.

    43. ↑ „The Neoclassical School“.

    44. ↑ „Neoclassical Economics“.

    45. ↑ Marshall 1920, ss. 480–486.

    46. ↑ Marshall 1920, s. 61—65.

    47. ↑ „Utility and value, Britannica“.

    48. ↑ „Putting It Together: Supply and Demand“.

    49. ↑ Marshall 1920, s. 203.

    50. ↑ „John Maynard Keynes, IMF“.

    51. ↑ „We’re All Keynesians Now: The Economic Effects of the Great Depression“.

    52. ↑ „What Is Keynesian Economics? IMF“.

    53. ↑ „The Neoclassical-Keynesian Synthesis“. The History of Economic Thought Website. The New School. 5-iyun 2002-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 23-aprel 2009-yil.

    54. ↑ Mankiw, N. Gregory. "The Macroeconomist as Scientist and Engineer". The Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 (4): 36.

    55. ↑ Gruchy, Allan G.. "Neo Institutionalism, Neo-Marxism, and Neo-Keynesianism: An Evaluation.". Journal of Economic Issues 18 (2): 547—556.

    56. ↑ Tashmatov, Asatullayev & Allaberganov 2019, s. 256.

    57. ↑ „The Fed – What is inflation and how does the Federal Reserve evaluate changes in the rate of inflation?“. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (9-sentyabr 2016-yil). 17-iyul 2021-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 3-noyabr 2021-yil.

    58. ↑ „Monetarist Theory: Economic Theory of Money Supply“.

    59. ↑ „What is the difference between monetary policy and fiscal policy, and how are they related?“.

    60. ↑ Olivier Jean Blanchard (2008). "crowding out, " The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.

    61. ↑ Roger W. Spencer & William P. Yohe, 1970. "The 'Crowding Outʼ of Private Expenditures by Fiscal Policy Actions, " Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, October, pp.12-24

    62. ↑ Tashmatov, Asatullayev & Allaberganov 2019, ss. 254–255.

    63. ↑ „Theory of rational expectations, Britannica“.

    64. ↑ Sargent, Thomas J.; Wallace, Neil (1976). "Rational Expectations and the Theory of Economic Policy". Journal of Monetary Economics 2 (2): 169–83. doi:10.1016/0304-3932(76)90032-5.

    65. ↑ Sargent, T. J. (1979). "A note on maximum likelihood estimation of the rational expectations model of the term structure". Journal of Monetary Economics 5: 133–35. doi:10.1016/0304-3932(79)90029-1.

    66. ↑ Sargent, T. J. (1977). "The Demand for Money during Hyperinflations under Rational Expectations: I". International Economic Review 18 (1): 59–82. doi:10.2307/2525769.

    67. ↑ Sargent, T. J.; Fand, D.; Goldfeld, S. (1973). "Rational Expectations, the Real Rate of Interest, and the Natural Rate of Unemployment". Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1973 (2): 429–80. doi:10.2307/2534097.

    68. ↑ Chapter 1. Snowdon, Brian and Vane, Howard R., (2005). Modern Macroeconomics: Its Origin, Development and Current State. Edward Elgar Publishing, ISBN 1-84542-208-2

    69. ↑ Dornbusch, Rudiger. "The New Classical Macroeconomics and Stabilization Policy". The American Economic Review 80 (2): 143–147.

    70. ↑ Mankiw G., Romer D. „Imperfect competition and sticky prices, Coordination Failures and Real Rigidities“,. New Keynesian Economics. MIT Press, 1991. ISBN 0-262-63133-4, 0-262-63133-2. 

    71. ↑ Dymski, Gary A. (1993). "Keynesian Uncertainty and Asymmetric Information: Complementary or Contradictory?". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 16 (1): 49—54.

    72. ↑ Tashmatov, Asatullayev & Allaberganov 2019, s. 278.

    73. ↑ Robert D. Atkinson. „Supply-side Follies: Why Conservative Economics Fails, Liberal Economics Falters, and Innovation Economics Is the Answer“ // Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. — 2006.

    74. ↑ Reynholds A. „What Supply-Side Economics Means“ // Creators Syndicate Inc. — 2007.

    75. ↑ Gwartney J. D. „Supply-Side Economics“ // The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics and Liberty. — 2004.

    76. ↑ „Supply-Side Theory: Definition and Comparison to Demand-Side“.

    77. ↑ Olson, Mancur (1982). "Stagflation and the Political Economy of the Decline in Productivity". The American Economic Review 72 (2): 143–148.

    78. ↑ Holt, Jeff „A Summary of the Primary Causes of the Housing Bubble and the Resulting Credit Crisis: A Non-Technical Paper“. 2009, 8, 1, 120-129. The Journal of Business Inquiry. 17-oktyabr 2014-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 15-fevral 2013-yil.

    79. ↑ „Victimizing the Borrowers: Predatory Lending's Role in the Subprime Mortgage Crisis“ (en). Knowledge@Wharton. Qaraldi: 5-avgust 2021-yil.

    80. ↑ Williams, Mark. Uncontrolled Risk. McGraw-Hill Education, 2010 — 213 bet. ISBN 978-0-07-163829-6. 

    81. ↑ Burry, Michael J.. „I Saw the Crisis Coming. Why Didn't the Fed?“ (3-aprel 2010-yil).

    82. ↑ Lewis, Michael. The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine. W. W. Norton & Company, 2010 — 320 bet. ISBN 0-393-07223-1. 

    83. ↑ „Обвал планеты. МВФ ухудшил прогноз мирового развития“. 18-may 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 17-may 2015-yil.

    84. ↑ „Объем мировой торговли достиг докризисного уровня — Росбалт“. 27-sentyabr 2016-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 18-oktyabr 2015-yil.

    85. ↑ „Замедление торговли“. 23-iyun 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 18-oktyabr 2015-yil.

    86. ↑ „Экономика ЕС: рецессия длиной в пятилетку — Главные новости — Финмаркет“.

    87. ↑ „Экономика крупнейших стран ЕС вышла из рецессии: еврозона возобновила рост | Ujgorod — okno v Yevropu — ua-reporter.com“. 8-mart 2016-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 17-oktyabr 2015-yil.

    88. ↑ „Безработица: рекорд за всю историю наблюдений | KM.RU“. 18-may 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 17-may 2015-yil.

    89. ↑ „ООН прогнозирует рекордный уровень безработицы в 2013 году — zn.ua“. 13-iyul 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 17-may 2015-yil.

    90. ↑ „Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, Britannica“.

    91. ↑ Davidoff, Steven M.; Zaring, David. "REGULATION BY DEAL: THE GOVERNMENT’S RESPONSE TO THE FINANCIAL CRISIS". Administrative Law Review 63 (3): 463–541.

    92. ↑ „Here’s how much the 2008 bailouts really cost“.

    93. ↑ „EU bank bailout breakdown – how 1.6 trillion euros were allocated“. Thomson Reuters.

    94. ↑ SPIEGEL, DER. „Fighting the Financial Crisis: Stocks Surge As EU Nations Unveil Bailout Packages - DER SPIEGEL - International“ (13-oktyabr 2008-yil).

    95. ↑ „Office for Budget Responsibility: Economic and fiscal outlook – October 2021“. Office for Budget Responsibility (oktyabr 2021).

    96. ↑ „Switzerland unveils bank bail-out plan“.

    97. ↑ „Bank Guarantee Scheme“. NTMA. 2-mart 2009-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi.

    98. ↑ Gwartney, James D.; Stroup, Richard L.; Sobel, Russell S.; Macpherson, David A.. Macroeconomics: Private and Public Choice. Cengage Learning, 2014 — 173–175 bet. ISBN 978-1-285-45354-5. 

    99. ↑ David Begg, Rudiger Dornbusch, Stanley Fischer „19. Introduction to Macroeconomics“,. Economics, 8, The McGraw Hill Companies, 2005 — 335 bet. ISBN 978-007710775-8. 

    100. ↑ Asqarova, Zaxidov & Djumayev 2019, ss. 10–11.

    101. ↑ Asqarova, Zaxidov & Djumayev 2019, ss. 12–13.

    102. ↑ „Макроэкономика. Кругооборот продукта, расходов и доходов“.

    103. ↑ Asqarova, Zaxidov & Djumayev 2019, s. 15.

    104. ↑ Матвеева 2007, ss. 31–32.

    105. ↑ Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus (2004). Economics, 18th ed., pp. 5-6 & [end] Glossary of Terms, „Normative vs. positive economics.“

    106. ↑ „Positive vs. Normative Economics“.

    107. ↑ „Cambridge Dictionary, ceteris paribus“.

    108. ↑ Матвеева 2007, s. 27.

    109. ↑ „4 Factors of Production“.

    110. ↑ „What is the real economy?“.

    111. ↑ „Finance market“.

    112. ↑ Stiglitz, Joseph E. „Principal and Agent“,. The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, 1987 — 966–971 bet. 

    113. ↑ Матвеева 2007, s. 16.

    114. ↑ O'Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin. Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Prentice-Hall, 2003 — 29 bet. ISBN 978-0-13-063085-8. Lua xatosi in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Webarchive/data' not found.

    115. ↑ Pride, William M.; Hughes, Robert J.; Kapoor, Jack R. „4: Choosing a form of business ownership“,. Business, 10, CengageNOW Series, Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning, 1985 — 116 bet. ISBN 9780324829556. 

    116. ↑ „Expenses of company“.

    117. ↑ „What are the economic functions of government?“.

    118. ↑ „International Economics Glossary: C“. www-personal.umich.edu. 12-dekabr 2007-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi.

    119. ↑ „External sector, Bank of Greece“.

    120. ↑ Asqarova, Zaxidov & Djumayev 2019, ss. 29–30.

    121. ↑ „Макроэкономическая модель открытой экономики“.

    122. ↑ Shodmonov & Xodiyev 2017, ss. 710–712.

    123. ↑ „Simon Kuznets, GDP“.

    124. ↑ Asqarova, Zaxidov & Djumayev 2019, ss. 20–21.

    125. ↑ Матвеева 2007, ss. 52–53.

    126. ↑ „All about GDP, IMF“.

    127. ↑ Матвеева 2007, ss. 70–74.

    128. ↑ Макроекономіка, 2, Класичний університетський підручник, К.: Знання, 2005 — 113 bet. ISBN 966-346-030-X. 

    129. ↑ Blanchard, Olivier „The need for different classes of macroeconomic models“. Peterson Institute for International Economics (12-yanvar 2017-yil). Qaraldi: 22-fevral 2022-yil.

    130. ↑ Keynes 1936, ss. 230–233.

    131. ↑ Shimer, Robert. "The Consequences of Rigid Wages in Search Models". Journal of the European Economic Association 2: 469–479.

    132. ↑ Keynes 1936, ss. 23–26.

    133. ↑ „How long is the long run? World Bank“.

    134. ↑ Greenlaw & Taylor 2018, ss. 200–217.

    135. ↑ Keynes 1936, ss. 91–93.

    136. ↑ „What Factors Cause Shifts in Aggregate Demand?“.

    137. ↑ „Shifts in aggregate demand, Khan Academy“.

    138. ↑ Keynes 1936, ss. 148–149.

    139. ↑ „Short-run aggregate supply, Khan Academy“.

    140. ↑ Keynes 1936, ss. 178–183.

    141. ↑ „Long-run aggregate supply, Khan Academy“.

    142. ↑ „Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS) Definition“.

    143. ↑ Hicks, J. R. (1937). "Mr. Keynes and the 'Classics': A Suggested Interpretation". Econometrica 5 (2): 147–159. doi:10.2307/1907242.

    144. ↑ Hansen, A. H.. A Guide to Keynes. New York: McGraw Hill, 1953. ISBN 9780070260467. 

    145. ↑ „IS-LM Model: What It Is, IS and LM Curves, Characteristics, Limitations“.

    146. ↑ Findlay, David W (1999). "The IS-LM Model: Is There a Connection between Slopes and the Effectiveness of Fiscal and Monetary Policy?". The Journal of Economic Education 30 (4): 373—382. doi:10.2307/1182951..

    147. ↑ Hicks, John (1980). "‘IS-LM’: An Explanation.". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 3 (2): 139–154.

    148. ↑ Asqarova, Zaxidov & Djumayev 2019, ss. 181–182.

    149. ↑ „Solow Growth Model“.

    150. ↑ Brems, Hans „Neoclassical Growth: Tinbergen and Solow“,. Pioneering Economic Theory, 1630–1980. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986 — 362–368 bet. ISBN 978-0-8018-2667-2. 

    151. ↑ Swan, Trevor W. (November 1956). "Economic growth and capital accumulation". Economic Record 32 (2): 334–361. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4932.1956.tb00434.x.

    152. ↑ Solow R. M. (August 1957). Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function. 39. The Review of Economics and Statistics. pp. 312—320.

    153. ↑ Beckley, M., Horiuchi, Y., & Miller, J.. "AMERICA'S ROLE IN THE MAKING OF JAPAN'S ECONOMIC MIRACLE". Journal of East Asian Studies 18 (1): 1—21. doi:10.1017/jea.2017.24.

    154. ↑ „Marshall Plan 1947—1997: A German View“.

    155. ↑ „The Japanese Economic Miracle, Barceley Economic Review“.

    156. ↑ Liu, Haoyuan „日德战后经济奇迹（Japanese and Germany Postwar Economic Miracle）“. Finance World.

    157. ↑ Braunthal, Gerard. "The Death of the German Economic Miracle". Current History 54 (321): 275—280.

    158. ↑ Nielsen, Barry „The Lost Decade: Lessons From Japan's Real Estate Crisis“ (en). Investopedia. Qaraldi: 26-may 2020-yil.

    159. ↑ „「失われた30年」に向かう日本“ (ja). Newsweek日本版 (23-dekabr 2010-yil). Qaraldi: 18-oktyabr 2020-yil.

    160. ↑ Cláudia Duarte, José R. Maria, Sharmin Sazedj (2020). "Trends and cycles under changing economic conditions". Economic Modelling 92: 126-146. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2020.06.011.

    161. ↑ Asqarova, Zaxidov & Djumayev 2019, ss. 42–43.

    162. ↑ Shodmonov & Xodiyev 2017, ss. 525–527.

    163. ↑ Kitchin, Joseph. (1923) (en). «Cycles and Trends in Economic Factors». 5.

    164. ↑ (fr) «Des Crises commerciales et leur retour periodique en France, en Angleterre, et aux Etats-Unis». 5 (Paris: Guillaumin nashri). 1923.

    165. ↑ Kuznets S. (1930) (en). «Secular Movements in Production and Prices. Their Nature and their Bearing upon Cyclical Fluctuations» (Boston: Houghton Mifflin nashri).

    166. ↑ Черепков А.. «Теория «Длинных волн» Н. Д. Кондратьева».

    167. ↑ Shodmonov & Xodiyev 2017, ss. 532–533.

    168. ↑ William D, Nordhaus (1975). "The Political Business Cycle". The Review of Economic Studies 42 (2): 169–190. doi:10.2307/2296528.

    169. ↑ Robert E, Lucas (1975). "An Equilibrium Model of the Business Cycle". Journal of Political Economy 83 (6): 1113–1144.

    170. ↑ Kydland, Finn E (1982). "Time to Build and Aggregate Fluctuations". Econometrica 50 (6): 1345–1370. doi:10.2307/1913386.

    171. ↑ „Business Cycles: Real Facts and a Monetary Myth“.

    172. ↑ „BUSINESS CYCLES. A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process“.

    173. ↑ Trotta V., Matheus (2023). "Business cycle theories after Keynes: A brief review considering the notions of equilibrium and instability". Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 64: 134—143. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2022.12.004.

    174. ↑ „What Is an Overheated Economy?“.

    175. ↑ „Inflation, IMF“.

    176. ↑ H., Hawkins, Kevin. Unemployment. Penguin, 1987. ISBN 0-14-022763-6. OCLC 21972786. 

    177. ↑ „Stimulating the economy and employment, International Labour Organization“.

    178. ↑ „What Is Economic Stimulus?“.

    179. ↑ „What is Contractionary Policy? The economic times“.

    180. ↑ Makin, Tony (1998). "When Contractionary Fiscal Policy Is Expansionary". When Contractionary Fiscal Policy Is Expansionary 5 (4): 419—426.

    181. ↑ „Fiscal policy, Britannica“.

    182. ↑ Perotti, Roberto (1999). "Fiscal Policy in Good Times and Bad". Fiscal Policy in Good Times and Bad 114 (4): 1399–1436.

    183. ↑ „Типы фискальной политики государства“.

    184. ↑ Asqarova, Zaxidov & Djumayev 2019, ss. 153–155.

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    186. ↑ Palley, Thomas (2001). "The Case Against Budget Surpluses". Challenge 44 (6): 13—27.

    187. ↑ „What Is a Budget Surplus? What's the Impact, and Pros & Cons? Investopedia“.

    188. ↑ „Crowding out, Khan Academy“.

    189. ↑ Mishkin 2011, ss. 6–10.

    190. ↑ „Instruments and main operations of Monetary policy“.

    191. ↑ Atkeson, Andrew, Chari, V. V., Kehoe, Patrick J., & Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis (2007). "On the Optimal Choice of a Monetary Policy Instrument". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis (394): 34.

    192. ↑ Матвеева 2007, ss. 375–382.

    193. ↑ „Open market operations“.

    194. ↑ „Repurchase Agreement (Repo): Definition, Examples, and Risks“.

    195. ↑ Mishkin 2011, ss. 480–481.

    196. ↑ „The Transmission of Monetary Policy, Reserve Bank of Australia“.

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    198. ↑ Bhattacharya, Utpal, Neal Galpin, Rina Ray, and Xiaoyun Yu. "The Role of the Media in the Internet IPO Bubble.". The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 44 (3): 657—682.

    199. ↑ „7 Worst Accounting Scandals in U.S. History“.

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    201. ↑ Mazumder, Sandeep; Wood, John H. (2021). "The Cause of the Great Depression: The Decision to Resume the Gold Standard on Prewar Terms". The Independent Review 26 (1): 133—151.

    202. ↑ „Monetary Failures of the Great Depression“.

    203. ↑ „The Great Depression“.

    204. ↑ „Banking Panics of 1930—1931“.

    205. ↑ „Causes of the decline“.

    206. ↑ Nakamura, Emi; Steinsson, Jón (2018). "Identification in Macroeconomics" (en). Journal of Economic Perspectives 32 (3): 59–86. doi:10.1257/jep.32.3.59. ISSN 0895-3309.

    207. ↑ REDBIRD, BETH, LAUREL HARBRIDGE-YONG, and RACHEL DAVIS MERSEY (2022). "The Social and Political Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Introduction". RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8 (8): 1—30.

    208. ↑ „WHO Recommends Nations Lift or Ease COVID-19-Related Travel Bans“.

    209. ↑ „Macroeconomic impact of COVID-19 in China and policy suggestions“.

    210. ↑ „Macroeconomic policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis in emerging market and developing economies: Current outcomes and evolving challenges“.

    211. ↑ „What are the risks of a prolonged period of low interest rates?“.

    212. ↑ White, Lawrence H. (1999). "Hayek’s Monetary Theory and Policy: A Critical Reconstruction.". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 33 (1): 109—120. doi:10.2307/2601142.

    213. ↑ „Friedrich August Hayek“.

    214. ↑ „The Hangover Theory?“.

    215. ↑ „Investment Hangover and the Great Recession“.

    216. ↑ Tashmatov, Asatullayev & Allaberganov 2019, ss. 146–149.

    217. ↑ „Malthusian Theory Has Always Been False“.

    218. ↑ WILTGEN, RICHARD J. (1998). "MARX’S AND ENGELS’S CONCEPTION OF MALTHUS: The Heritage of a Critique.". Organization & Environment 11 (4): 451—460.

    219. ↑ Woolston, Howard B.. "The Dynamics of Population: A Criticism of Malthus.". The Journal of Social Forces 2 (2): 169—177. doi:10.2307/3005334.

    220. ↑ „What Is the Neoclassical Growth Theory, and What Does It Predict?“.

    221. ↑ „Neoclassical growth theory“.

    222. ↑ Acemoglu 2009, ss. 613–617.

    223. ↑ Acemoglu 2009, ss. 781–792.

    224. ↑ Greenlaw & Taylor 2018, ss. 166–170.

    225. ↑ „The analysis of growth, Britannica“.

    226. ↑ Матвеева 2007, ss. 208–210.

    227. ↑ Gwartney, James D., (1999). "Economic Freedom and the Environment for Economic Growth". Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 155 (4): 643—663.

Adabiyotlar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Acemoglu, Daron. Introduction to Modern Economic Growth (en). Princeton University Press, 2009 — 990 bet. 

  • Asqarova, M. T.; Zaxidov, Gʻ.E.; Djumayev, Z. A.. Makroiqtisodiyot (Darslik). TDIU, 2019 — 290 bet. 

  • Greenlaw, Steven A.; Taylor, Timothy. Principles of Macroeconomics, 2 (en), Rice University, 2018 — 600 bet. ISBN 1-947172-30-1. 

  • Keynes, John Maynard. The general theory of employment, interest and money (en). Macmillan and Сo., 1936 — 403 bet. 

  • Marshall, Alfred. Principles of Economics, 8 (en), London: Macmillan and Co., 1920 — 627 bet. 

  • Mishkin, Frederic S.. The economics of money, banking, and financial markets, 4 (en), Pearson Canada, 2011 — 748 bet. ISBN 978-0-321-58471-7. 

  • Shodmonov, Sh. Sh.; Xodiyev, B. Y.. Iqtisodiyot nazariyasi (Darslik). Barkamol fayz media, 2017 — 784 bet. 

  • Tashmatov, Z.G.; Asatullayev, X.S.; Allaberganov. Iqtisodiy ta'limotlar tarixi. IQTISOD-MOLIYA, 2019 — 352 bet. 

  • Матвеева, Т. Ю. Введение в макроэкономику, 5 (ru), Издательский дом ГУ-ВШЭ, 2007 — 511 bet. ISBN 978-5-7598-0543-4. 





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