Lecture Stylistics as a science. Problems of stylistic research. Plan

Transference of meaning - a device with the help of which two meanings are materialized simultaneously: the direct (ne­gative) and transferred (affirmative).
The stylistic effect of litotes depends mainly on intonation:
1. “Whatever defects the tale possessed—and they were not a few—it had, as delivered by her, the one merit of seeming like truth,”
2. “He was not without taste...”
3. “It troubled him not a little...”
4. “He found that this was no easy task.”
5. “He was no gentle lamb, and the part of second fiddle would never do for the high-pitched dominance of his nature.” (Jack London)
6. She was wearing a fur coat... Carr, the enthusiastic appreciator of smart women and as good a judge of dress as any man to be met in a Pall Mall club, saw that she was no country cousin. She had style, or ‘devil’, as he preferred to call it.
The negation does not merely indicate the absence of the quality mentioned but suggests the presence of the opposite quality.
Classification of expressive means and stylistic devices by Y.M. Skrebnev
Skrebnev’s approach demonstrates a combination of principles observed in Leech’s system of paradigmatic and syntagmatic subdivision and the level-oriented approach on which Galperin’s classification is founded.
Skrebnev first subdivides stylistics into paradigmatic stylistics (or stylistics of units) and syntagmatic stylistics (or stylistics of sequences).
He also singles out one more level. In addition to pho­netics, morphology, lexicology and syntax he adds semasiology (or semantics).
Paradigmatic stylistics
(Stylistics of units)←1. Phonetics →Syntagmatic stylistics
←2. Morphology →(Stylistics of sequences)
←3. Lexicology
←4. Syntax
←5. Semasiology
Paradigmatic stylistics
Paradigmatic phonetics actually describes phonographical stylistic features of a written text.
“Graphons” (a term borrowed from V.A. Kucharenko):
I know these Eye-talians! (Lawrence).
“Father, said one of the children at breakfast.—I want some more ‘am please”,—You mustn’t say ‘am, my child, the correct form is ‘am, — retorted his father, passing the plate with sliced ham on it. “But I did say ‘am, pleaded the boy”. “No, you didn’t: you said ‘am instead of ‘am”. The mother turned to the guest smiling: «Oh, don’t mind them, sir, pray. They are both trying to say ‘am and both think it is ‘am they are saying”.
Other graphic means to emphasize the “unheard” phonetic character­istics such as the pitch of voice, the stress, and other melodic features are italics, capitalisation, repetition of letters, onomatopoeia (sound mutation):
I AM sorry; «Appeeee Noooooyeeeeerr» (Happy New Year); cock-a-doodle-doo.