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Majlisi Oli Majlisi Milli of
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Majlisi Oli Majlisi Milli of the Republic of Tajikistan (The Parliament) Participation in review and adoption of the State Budget. Approval of socio-economic programs. Authorization of issuing and receipt of the state loans. Enquiring on the state budget Approval/sending for revision of the budget Ministry of Energy and Water Resources (MEWR) Development of strategies, programs and development forecasts, rational use and protection of water resources of the Republic of Tajikistan; Representation of proposals for the formation of economic, investment, scientific, technical, personnel and social policy and their implementation; Attraction of foreign investments for the development of the water sector; Organization and implementation of measures for the prevention and avoidance of emergency situations; Implementation of works on computerization, management and storage of data bank and information support; Development of methods of providing state support in areas of financing. Identification of ways of utilizing centralized reserve funds for restructuring of relevant industries; Carrying out investment policy and matching the centralized state capital investments with the own funds of enterprises and organizations; Administrative functions including receipt of the national budget allocated to the Ministry; Contributing to Ministry of Finance proposals on the formation of the republican budget of the project in terms of providing funding activities of the Ministry and its subordinate services. Ministry of Economy Development and Trade Ministry is engaged in the planning of the economy, including the water sector in Tajikistan. On the basis of the target figures reported by the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Tajikistan ministry plans to project the distribution of capital investments between sectors of the water sector of Tajikistan Ministry of Finance Coordinates the ministries and departments on drawing up a sectoral budgets and compile the annual draft of the state budget. Ministry of Finance submits them to the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. The Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Republic of Tajikistan Through its Service of sanitary and epidemiologic supervision deals with sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and safety of drinking water and relief; Tajikgosstandart Is responsible to the issues of standardization of quality of water resources CHAPTER - 3 50 Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan The Committee carries out: The state control over the protection and rational use of flora and fauna Organizing and conducting environmental monitoring, integrated forecasting and the study of the environment, weather, glaciers, lakes and reservoirs, the analysis of phenomena and processes of natural emergencies; Development of new economic regulation of environmental management mechanisms, regulatory and methodological documents, the organization sources financing nature conservation, restoration of natural resources, improvement of environmental conditions. Agency for Land Reclamation and Irrigation under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan Agency carries out: Budgetary control over income from different sources (incl. government and user fees); Development of the financial plans for land reclamation and irrigation; Providing for storage of data on water supply and financial data (including details of payments received for irrigation and drainage services); Administrator and recipient of the national budget's fund for the maintenance of the Agency and the implementation of the functions assigned to the Agency; Development and implementation of measures to reduce the impact of natural disasters, including the restoration of water facilities; Provides support to WUAs State Unitary Enterprise "Khojagii Manziliyu Kommunali" (SUE "KMK") KMK carries out: Safe operation and maintenance of the housing stock in the cities and regional centres: Water supply for cities and districts, towns, villages and pastures drinking water and sanitation, and water quality control over: Provision of heat supply for cities and regional centres; Sanitation, landscaping, planting and irrigation in the cities and district centres; Committee of Emergency Situations and Civil Defence under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan Deals with the prevention and elimination of consequences of emergency situations of the water factor. Main Department of Geology under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan Search and drilling for underground water. Development and implementation of public policies to control implementation in the field of study, reproduction, use and protection of groundwater. Agrees permits for special use of water (groundwater); Project-consistency drilling water wells; Checks on consistency of projects for prospecting, exploration and construction of new water intakes; Project-consistency of construction sites for underground disposal of industrial waste and radioactive waste; Control of the use and protection of underground water bodies from pollution and depletion; Leading the state water cadastre (for underground water); State Supervision Service for Work Safety in Industry and Mining under the Adoption of the regulatory legal acts, CHAPTER - 3 51 Government of the Republic of Tajikistan Control and supervision over observance of legislation in the field of industrial safety, rational use and protection of mineral resources, circulation of explosive materials of civil purpose, Control over geological study of subsoil. Leading State cadastre of thermal and mineral waters. Open Joint Stock Holding Company "Barki Tojik" Company uses renewable hydropower resources to generate electricity as well as water for the production of thermal energy for the household sector. Provides reservoirs flow control for the benefit of multi-purpose hydropower, irrigation, drinking water supply, fisheries, flood control and other purposes. Source: Authors, based on official agency charters Local level agents Local authorities are divided into two parts. Representative body – Majlises of Representatives and executive – Local Hukumat. Majlis of Representatives is the local authority (regions, cities and districts) consisting of representatives elected by the citizens. Majlis is funded out the local budget and reports on performance, determines the path of socio-economic development of the area, identifies local taxes and fees in accordance with the law. Hukumat is the executive power of the local level funded out the local budget and reporting on its performance to the Majlis on their activities. The lowest level of the administrative division of the country at the village level is the Jamoat. Jamoats are funded from the upper level administrative division level – local Hukumats. In close cooperation with the state institutions, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are also active in the water resources management. In Tajikistan, Water User Associations (WUAs) and their Federations are NGOs specialized in maintenance and operation of irrigation infrastructure and drainage network at the farm level. (See graph 3.4 below) Graph 3.4. Local level of water resource management: Source: Authors, based on official agency charters CHAPTER - 3 52 The table below outlines key local-level stakeholders and their key functions directly involved in water management. Detailed roles and responsibilities are included in Annex 3.1 Table 3.2 List of organizations in WRM on a local level Organization Main functions Majlis of people's representatives The local representative authority in regions, cities and districts is the Majlis of people's representatives It approves the local budget and report on its execution, defines the socio-economic development of the area, local taxes and fees in accordance with the law Local executive bodies of state power of provinces, districts and cities Local executive bodies of state power of provinces, districts and municipalities organize the development of the annual local budgets, approve them and submit for consideration and approval of the respective local Councils of People's Representatives. Jamoat Jamoat is self-government authority in the village Jamoat deals with the coordination of water management at the community level. Water Users Federation, the Association of Water Users, dehqan (individual) farms and other agricultural enterprises Engage in the use of water resources for agricultural production. The activities carried out at the expense of their own funds. Source: Authors, based on official agency charters There are a number of support agencies that are also directly involved in different aspects of the WRM. The budget of such agencies are normally included in the ministerial budgets (thus much harder to track and pin point to analyse) and include agencies like maintenance companies in irrigation that are part of ALRI, research institutes, educational establishments and design institutes. Figure 3.5 Implementation setting at national and local level Source: Authors visualization based on official information Irrigation Water and sanitation Hydro Power generation Agency for Land Reclamationas and Irrigation Committee for environmenal protection' Committee for Emergencies and Civil Defence SUE KMK SUE Barki Tojik RIVER basin councils Local hukumats Regional KMK branches Regional branches of Barki Tojik WUAs Local VODOKAN ALS Pamir Energy State supervision of Safety in Industry and Mining services Municipal government (jamoats) STATE LEVEL LOCAL LEVEL Local branches of non direct organizations GBA and Hissar departments; Sogd, Khatlon and Dushanbe divisions Main Department of Geology IMPLEMENTATION Other non direct organizations Research and educational institute and colleges CHAPTER - 3 53 Finally, there are significant differences how water sub-sectors are managed in Tajikistan. The irrigation sub-sector is still very much centralized with the national central agency (ALRI) performing all irrigation related services. As a result, the state and the sector gets a chunk of public resource for capital, maintenance and operational expenditures, whereas in WSS, public expenditures in WRM are primarily limited to covering staff costs related to regulatory functions (all indirect WRM cost), while direct costs are not covered by the state and, instead, managed under the service contact with the KMK and are paid by the KMK. 3.1.7. W ATER SECTOR POLICIES AND PROGRAMS Water sector in Tajikistan is abundant with a number sector and sub-sector policies and programs. As mentioned above, recently much attention has been paid to the development of programs and policies aimed at reforming the WRM. In particular, the Water Sector Reform Program has been developed jointly by the line ministries and agencies and the development partners in the framework of the joint water working group. The program is coordinated by the main parameters with the National Development Strategy and Mid -term Development Program of the Republic of Tajikistan. Strategy building and planning in the WRM is complicated by significant challenges, such as climate change and transboundary issues. In particular, according to the reports prepared by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, Tajikistan is facing enormous challenge. For instance, the Fedchenko glacier, which is the largest mountain glacier in the world, has thinned by 1 meter per year. During several decades its surface area has decreased by 11 square kilometers, and it has lost about 2 cubic kilometers of ice. 37 37 Climate Change and Sustainable Water Management in Central Asia, p.9, ADB, 2014 Box 3.1: Gender and water sector Unfortunately, there is very limited body of evidence and analysis of gender in water sector due to insufficient data. However, a few important observations could and should be made when it comes to gender and water sector: WSS: While urban drinking water supply is considered to be gender neutral, i.e. equal access to water (and safety); rural water supply and sanitation has a more significant impact on women and children. It is reported that women/children spend between 2-6 h a day in search of water. This takes away time from essential economic and domestic activity and has is associated with adverse health impacts due to heavy lifting from water collection. As a result, women are reported to be more willing to pay for water (up to 80% women are willing to pay u to 25% more for quality access to water. Irrigation and drainage: This sub-sector also has a few gender related issues worth considering. Some of the most important one include: (i) less access to irrigated water (related to also location of the plots); (ii) more irrigation related canal cleaning work, especially given significant outmigration from rural areas. No definitive data exist to confirm whether women-headed households have more or less access to water (drinking/irrigation) but a few important observations are widely accepted. Poorer households tend to spend more on water (both financially and time burden), have less options in terms of water source; and rural households enjoy less access to safe water. As a result of the High level conference “Decade of Water” – water for life – a working group on gender has been established under the Committee for Women and Family Affairs. The Gender and Water Working Group is tasked with undertaking a more thorough analysis of gender issues in water sectors, identifying gaps and opportunities, as well as entry points for improved gender considerations in water sectors, including development of the strategic initiatives and a road map to ensure gender equality in water sectors, including through education, and water resource management overall. CHAPTER - 3 54 3.1.8. C LIMATE CHANGE – I MPACT ON THE WATER SECTOR Global water scarcity and flooding as a reality. According to UN figures (Water fact sheets, UN Water, 2013), over the past 100 years, the rate of water consumption has increased at twice the rate of the population. Water is already chronically lacking in the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia. The UN predicts that by 2025, 1.8 billion people will be living in countries or regions where the water is extremely small and two-thirds of the world's population may face inadequate supply of water resources. For countries such as Tajikistan, water shortages will negatively affect agriculture and hydro-power, thereby posing a serious threat to energy and food security, as well as the quality of life of the population. Water will continue to be a strategic resource of the 21st century. Huge glaciers and snow cover in the mountains of Tajikistan. Rivers and lakes are a strategic water resource for all countries in the Central Asian region. The total area of glaciers in Tajikistan is 11.146 thousand km 2 or 8% of the country. Water contained in the glaciers is approximately 845 km 3 . And this resource is vulnerable to climate change. Melting glaciers and high mountain snow surface lead to water shortages, and potentially lead to problems for agricultural production, drinking water and the supply of energy in the region, thereby posing a serious threat to food security and the livelihoods of the poorest people in the region. Climate change, water and potential scenarios for Tajikistan. Models on Climate Change indicate a possible reduction in Tajikistan's water resources by more than 30%. Projections in the recent report of the Asian Development Bank i – Climate Change and Sustainable Water Management in Central Asia (ADB, 2014) indicate that climate change is highly likely to present a threat to economic activity, well-being and the environment in Tajikistan. The ADB warns that. "About 95% of the country is vulnerable to environmental degradation, including the risk of floods, landslides, soil salinity, soil erosion and water resources, as well as the onset of the Desert". (ADB, 2014) Water in Tajikistan - a call to action. The water sector can no longer be considered to be looping to RT. The authors of the ADB report, "Tajikistan: capacity-building to counter climate change," (2014) warned that intensive melting of glaciers in Tajikistan as a result of global warming could lead to a catastrophic decline in water availability in many Central Asian rivers. This can potentially cause a change in the seasonality of water flow and affect the stability of water supply for agriculture, hydropower, and water consumption by the population. According to the World Bank, the countries of the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region, which includes Tajikistan, are subject to a significant threat due to climate change and some of the most serious risk factors have already become a reality. In the short term in the water basins where the water level during the summer months is determined by the melting of glaciers, there may be a rise in the water inflow due to the melting of glaciers, the long-term forecasts of water availability in the summer are disappointing, particularly for the countries of Central Asia, which are reliant on irrigation. Climate change will result in further drinking water supply shortage. In dry regions such as Central Asia, the situation of water shortages is expected to worsen due to the reduction in the level of precipitation. It is assumed that because of the drought and other effects associated with climate change, annual economic losses in the world's water supplies amount to approximately $ 50 billion. Despite the situation improving in recent years, 57.5 % of the population in the country has access to safe drinking water (87% in urban areas and less than 60% in rural areas). CHAPTER - 3 55 Effect of Climate Change to Irrigation will be a threat to the sustainable development of the country in the 21 century. The main consumer of water in the region of Central Asia and Tajikistan, in particular, is irrigated agriculture, which contributes about one third of gross domestic product and provides employment for more than two-thirds of the region's population. Irrigation consumes more than 90% of available water resources in the Aral Sea basin. Possible changes in climatic conditions will affect agriculture in Tajikistan, which will face challenges with the deterioration of soil quality. The current lack of investment in maintaining soil fertility and environmental compliance, leads to the depletion of natural potential and exacerbates the problem of sustainability of agricultural production in the long term. With more than 70% of the population living in rural areas and dependent on agriculture, which is largely based on irrigated production, climate change poses a threat to the sustainable development of the country. Effect of Climate change to hydro energy will be increasing. It should be noted that water resources have a significant role in the energy security of Central Asia and Tajikistan. Hydropower accounts for 27.3% of generating capacity in the region. In Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, the figure is over 90%. Therefore, any changes that affect water resources in Central Asia, have a high multiplier effect on the impact of various socio-economic aspects of development of the region. The situation is exacerbated by the growth of water consumption, which is associated with population growth and intensive development of the region's economies. Expected reduction of flow in the near future due to climate change makes the problem even more acute. Thus, water is vital for agriculture, hydropower and related industries of Tajikistan and the whole life support system of the nation. Water supply occupies a central place among the most acute problems of Central Asia and Tajikistan as a result of population growth, climate aridity, a large water consumption associated with the cultivation of water-intensive crops (cotton and rice), as well as the cross-border nature of regional water resources. Melting mountain glaciers, the drying up of the Aral Sea and the severe energy crisis in Tajikistan in winter 2007/2008 demonstrate the close relationship between climate change and the problems of water supply, energy security and the development of Tajikistan. (see Box 3.2) for review of links to public expenditures) Download 0.75 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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