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ALSDEGID VA KETONLARNING REAKSIYALARI
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ALSDEGID VA KETONLARNING REAKSIYALARI 1. Oksidlanishi a) Aldegidlar RCHO yoki ArCHO Ag(NH 3 ) 3 + KMnO 4 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 RCOOH yoki ArCOOH Aldegidlarni tahlil qilishda foydalaniladi NAMUNA: CH 3 CHO + 2Ag(NH 3 ) 2 + 3OH – + CH 3 COO – + 2Ag + 4NH 3 + 2H 2 O pangsiz eritma kumush ko’zgu TOLLENS NAMUNASI a) Metil ketonlar RC – CH 3 O yoki ArC – CH 3 O OX – RC – O – O yoki ArC – O – + CH 3 X O GALLAFORM REAKSIYASI
C 2 H 5 C – CH 3 + 3 OJ – O C 2 H 5 C –O – + 3 CH 3 J + 2OH – O yodoform, sariq rangli, t suyuq. 119 o S CH 3 C = CHCCH 3 O CH 3 KOCl 60 o S CHCl 3 + CH 3 C = CHCOK O CH 3 H 2 SO 4 60 o S CH 3 C = CHCOH O CH 3 mezitil oksidi (4-metil-3-penten-2-on) 3-metil-2-buten kislota 2. Qaytarish a) Spirtlargacha qaytarish C = O C = O H 2 + Ni, Pt yoki Pd LiAlH 4 yoki NaBH 4 , so’ngra H + C C H OH
O H 2 + Ni H OH siklopentanon siklopentanol – C – CH 3 O LiAlH 4 H+ – C – CH 3 OH H asetafenon α-fenil-etil spirti 296
C = O C = O Zn (Hg), kons. HCl NH 2 NH 2 , asos C C H H C C H H KLEMMENSEN BO’YICHA: ASOSLARGA BEQAROR BIRIKMALAR UCHUN KIJNER-VUlF BO’YICHA: KISLOTALARGA BEQAROR BIRIKMALAR UCHUN NAMUNALAR: – CCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 O CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COCl AlCl 3 Zn (Hg), kons. HCl – CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 O H 2 + Ni H H siklopentanon siklopentan n-butirofenon n-butilbenzol v) Pinakonlargacha qaytarish (glikollar mavzusiga qarang). g) Aminlash – qaytarish (ushbu usul aminlar mavzusida batavsil o’rsaniladi) R R – – C = O + NH C = O + NH 3 3 H R R – – C = NH C = NH H H 2 , Ni R R – – C C – – NH NH 2 2 H H R R – – C = O + NH C = O + NH 3 3 R R R – – C = NH C = NH R H 2 , Ni R R – – C C – – NH NH 2 2 R H 3. Grinyar reaktivining birikishi – – C = O C = O + RMgX – – C C – – OMgX OMgX R 297 – – C = O C = O + CN – – – C C – – CN CN OH NAMUNALAR: H + siangidrin CH CH 3 3 – – C = O C = O + NaCN [H 2 O] H H 2 SO 4 CH CH 3 3 – – C C – – CN CN H OH H 2 O, HCl CH CH 3 3 – – C C – – COOH COOH H OH asetaldegid siangidrini asetaldegid sut kislota (α-oksipropion kislota) – C – H O benzaldegid NaHSO 3 – C – SO 3 Na H OH + – NaCN – C – CN dolchin kislota nitrili H OH H 2 O, HCl – C – COOH H OH dolchin kislota CH CH 3 3 – – C = O C = O + NaCN [H 2 O] CH 3 H 2 SO 4 CH CH 3 3 – – C C – – CN CN CH 3 OH H 2 O, HCl CH CH 3 3 – – C C – – COOH COOH H OH aseton siangidrin CH CH 2 2 = C = C – – COOH COOH H metakril kislota t 5. Bisulfitning birikishi – – C = O C = O + Na + HSO 4 – – C C – – SO SO 3 3 Na Na OH – bisulfitning birikishidan hosil bo’luvch addukt KARBONILLI BIRIKMALARNI TOZALASH UCHUN AOYDALANILFDI, TARMOQLANGAN KETONLAR UCHUN QO’LLAB BO’LMAYDI aseton NAMUNALAR: – C – H O benzaldegid + NaHSO 3 – C – SO 3 Na H OH + – H+ yoki OH – – CHO CH CH 3 3 CH CH 2 2 C = O C = O CH 3 metiletil keton + NaHSO 3 CH CH 3 3 CH CH 2 2 C C – – SO SO 3 3 Na Na CH 3 OH + – CH CH 3 3 CH CH – – C C – – CHCH CHCH 3 3 CH 3 diizopropil keton + NaHSO 3 CH 3 O reaksiya bormaydi 6. Ammia hosilalarining birikishi – – C = O C = O + H 2 N – G – – C C – – NH NH – – G G OH – – C = NH C = NH – – G + H G + H 2 2 O O TAHLIL UCHUN QO’LLANILADI H 2 N – G MAHSULOT H 2 N – OH H 2 N – NH 2 GIDROKSIAMIN – – C = N C = N – – OH OH OKSIM GIDRAZIN – – C = N C = N – – NH NH 2 2 GIDRAZON H 2 N – NHC 6 H 5 FENILGIDRAZIN – – C = N C = N – – NHC NHC 6 6 H H 5 5 FENILGIDRAZON H 2 N – NHCONH 2 SEMIKARBAZID – – C = N C = N – – NHCONH NHCONH 2 2 SEMIKARBAZON 298
CH CH 3 3 – – C = O C = O + H 2 N – OH H H 2 SO 4 CH CH 3 3 – – C = NOH + H C = NOH + H 2 2 O O H asetaldoksim asetaldegid – C – H O benzaldegid + H 2 N – NHC 6 H 5 H 2 SO 4 – CH = benzaldegid fenilgidrazoni N – NHC 6 H 5 + H 2 O CH CH 3 3 – – C = O C = O + H 2 N – NHCONH 2 CH 3 H 2 SO 4 aseton CH CH 3 3 – – C = C = N – NHCONH 2 CH 3 aseton semikarbazoni 7. Spirtlarni birikishi. Asetallar hosil bo’lishi – – C = O + 2 ROH C = O + 2 ROH H + – – C C – – OR + H OR + H 2 2 O O OR asetal NAMUNA: CH CH 3 3 – – C = O C = O + C 2 H 5 – OH H asetaldegid HCl CH CH 3 3 – – C C – – OC OC 2 2 H H 5 5 + H + H 2 2 O O CH 3 asetal (asetaldegid dietil asetali) OC 2 H 5 8. Kannissaro reaksiyasi – – C = O C = O 2 2 kuchli asos – – COO COO – – + + – – CH CH 2 2 OH OH α-vodorod atomi saqlamagan aldegid kislota tuzi spirt Download 29.83 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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