Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs: a cross-linguistic study
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PhD-Thesis-99
3.3. Touch
In English there are two central verbs for the sense of touch. The first one is touch, which was introduced in ME from Ofr touchier. This word is the onomatopoeic formation from the syllable toc that gave origin to all these Romance cognates. Another possible origin proposed by Diez and now largely rejected was linking the Romanic toccare with OLG *tokkôn, *tukken, MLG tocken, tucken ‘to draw or to pull with force’, ‘to pluck’, but, according to the OED, the change of meaning from ‘to pull’ to ‘to knock’ 89 For more examples on sentir and oír see DCECH p. 267 B. Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs 97 is inexplicable. The second word is the verb feel. It comes from ME felen < OE felan ‘to examine by touch’< Ger *foljan ‘to feel’. In Basque the central verb of this sense, ukitu, first appeared in writing in 1617. Along with its dialectal variants ikutu and ükütu. According to Löpelmann (1968), hunkitu and ukitu could come from a possible *tuki with the same origin as Spanish tocar and its Romance cognates. However this is highly implausible because the loss of a voiceless plosive at the beginning of a word is not a common phenomenon. Haztakatu and haztatu are both more common in the Northern dialects and the latter was already present in Leizarraga (1571). Both verbs come from the noun hazta which means both ‘weight’ and ‘sense of touch’. The relationship between these two meanings is connected to the hand which in the first meaning is the means of weighing and in the second is the means of touching. As the LMD clarifies: “étymologiquement, action de vérifer la pesanteur d’un objet en le soulevant de la main, ou le prenant aux bras”. Thus it seems that a semantic expansion took place early in the language, from the physical act of weighing to the other physical act of touching. As noted in Section 2.3.3, this physical weighing has shifted to an abstract meaning, as it now means ‘to weigh, to consider’. This shift is somehow predicted and expected, as when we have to judge something we always place the pros and cons of the problem in a balance and we take the decision in accordance with the reasons that have more weight 90 . Tocar is the main verb of the sense of touch in Spanish. The DCEDH argues that this verb has its origin in the onomatopoeic formation from the syllable toc, which imitates a knock, and that one of its first meanings would have referred to the ringing of the bells or other percussion instruments. Another sense of this verb that the DCEDH considers to be very old is ‘to knock on the door’ tocar a la puerta, which reflects the onomatopoeia very well 91 . In my opinion the physical touch in Spanish should be divided into two groups, one which refers to the sense of touch as perception, and one 90 This metaphorical ICM could be called: JUDGEMENTS ARE DECIDED IN A BALANCE , where expressions such as to weigh up the pros and cons, lightweight character, counterbalance, tremble in the balance, turn the balance and so on can be included. (For a full list of these metaphors, see Wilkinson 1993). 91 This meaning of the verb tocar is now still in full usage. However, not only the expression tocar la puerta is possible, but also tocar el timbre, lit. ‘to touch the buzzer’, ‘to ring the bell’. The expression should be pulsar el timbre ‘to press the buzzer’. This is an example of lexical innovation, i.e. when an old word becomes adjusted to the modern uses. B. Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs 98 which is more related to the sound and hence closer to its etymological origin. If touch has its origin in an onomatopoeia, which expresses the action and sound of a knock, then this word must have undergone an extension of meaning in the following direction 92 : knock-percussion instrument > general perceptive touch. The English and Basque data also support this statement. In Basque as we have already explained, the verbs of touching are not related to playing instruments. In English touch was used in this sense, but now is not used in this way. This is understandable as touch was a loan from OFr tochier, which is derived from the same onomatopoeia. But if we take the Anglo-Saxon word for touch, i.e. feel, it cannot be used in this sense. Download 1.39 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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