Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs: a cross-linguistic study


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PhD-Thesis-99

3.4. Smell 
The English verb smell has its origin in OE but it is not recorded, and not 
represented in any of the cognate languages. It appears in ME as smellen. It seems that E 
stink < OE stinc was first used for neutral smell and then, when smellen was introduced 
it came to mean ‘bad smell’. A similar process takes place with stench, OE stenc. This 
verb already meant ‘bad smell’, but nowadays it is even stronger than stink 
Sniff comes from ME sneuien, sniffen from a Scandinavian origin. It is also 
proposed that this verb has an imitative origin, as in snuff (OED). 
The Basque verb usaindu is composed of usain. Usai means ‘odour, smell, 
aroma’ and then -tu, which is one of the verbal suffixes for the perfective participle 
(>Lat participial suffix -TU)
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Usmatu (usmotu) is derived from usma ‘sense of smell, 
guess’; usmo
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‘guess, conjecture’; and -tu, a verbal suffix (see above). Finally, usnatu is 
derived from usna ‘sense of smell, sagacity’ and -tu, a verbal suffix (see above). As we 
shall see in the etymological analyses of the Spanish verbs below, the origin of the 
Basque verbs is here considered to be related to the Sp verb husmear
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Apart from this extension of meaning to a more general field, within the ‘sound field’ tocar is 
nowadays used for any instrument, not only percussion or knocking, but also in the general sense of 
playing instruments. 
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See Trask (1995) for a description of Basque non-verb forms and their etymological origin. 
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This is very interesting as the main meaning of the noun is no longer ‘smell’ but the figurative 
one, ‘suspicion, guess, conjecture’. 


B. Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano 
Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs 
99
The Spanish verb oler comes from Lat olêre. In Latin this verb was originally 
used intransitively as a percept verb, i.e. only with the subject of the thing that emits 
odour, whereas olfacere (Sp olfatear) was left for transitive uses (as an activity and 
experience verb). According to the DCECH, this distinction was no longer present in 
Berceo (13 ct), where a nominalisation of the Sp verb oler covered both instances. 
Another characteristic of Sp oler is that this verb refers to the perception of good 
and bad smells indistinctively. Other Romance languages use different verbs to 
distinguish between good and bad odours. For instance, Fr sentir ‘to smell’ and puir
puer (< Lat putere ‘to stink’), empester ‘to stink’. Similarly in It sentire, odorare ‘to 
smell’ and puzzare (< Lat putêre) ‘to stink’. Portuguese also seems to have only one 
verb: cheirar ‘to smell’, ‘to stink’. Portuguese also has empestar for ‘to smell out’ (cf. Fr 
empester, Sp apestar). 
An interesting point here is the fact that some Romance languages have adopted 
the Latin word sentire in the place of olêre-olfacereSentire ‘to feel’ is usually the verb 
used for describing general perception, and as seen in the section on hearing, it can also 
mean ‘perception by the ear’. 
The Latin verb olêre itself seems to come from an IE root for ‘smell’ od- (cf. Gk 
οζω ózo ‘I smell’). Olfatear comes from Lat olfactâre, verbal form of olfactus, which is 
the supine of olfacere ‘to smell’. 
Both oler and olfatear have concrete and non-concrete meanings. The concrete 
meanings ‘to perceive’ and ‘to emit a smell’ are already present in their Latin cognates: 
olêre ‘to give off a smell’, ‘to smell sweet’, ‘to stink’ and olfacere ‘to detect the odour 
of’, ‘to sniff at’. Their figurative meanings, however, seem to be particular to the 
Spanish verbs as the Latin verbs do not share them.
The etymology of husmear is very interesting. According to the DCECH, the 
primitive forms of this verb seem to be usmarosmar, which have the same origin as Fr 
humer ‘to sniff’, ‘to inhale’, It dial usmar ‘to sniff’, ‘to smell an animal trail’, It ormare 
‘to follow a trail’, Rum urmà ‘to follow’. These verbs find their origin in Gk osmasthai 
οσμασθαι ‘to smell’, ‘to sniff’, derived from osmé οσμη ‘odour’. In Spanish, this word 
appears quite early in the language. In the Glosas Silenses (10
th
ct.) osmatu is found and 
in La Pícara Justina (17
th
ct.) the modern form husmear is already present. 


B. Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano 
Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs 
100
The DCECH states that in the Iberian Peninsula, the OSp *osmare ‘to smell a 
trail’ and the Lat aestimare ‘to appreciate’ were often mistaken, and that this phonetic 
and semantic hesitation also occurred in Basque in verbs such as asmatu, usmatu and 
usnatu, which mean ‘to perceive smells’, ‘to make up and to suspect’. A few comments 
should be made here. It seems quite reasonable that the verbs discussed above all come 
from Latin, however the generalisation that has been made in this dictionary is not 
accurate enough. Although asmatu and usmatu could be similar to the case in Spanish, 
asmatu does not have any of the meanings above, except ‘to make up’, ‘to invent’, 
which in turn is not shared by the other two. Asmatu means ‘to invent’, ‘to devise’, ‘to 
plan’, ‘to think of’, ‘to make up’, ‘to guess’, ‘to conjecture’, ‘to imagine’, ‘to figure out’ 
(GALW). Later on in the discussion the DCECH states that the Basque words sumatu
somatu and susmatu
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could be variations of the same verb husmear, from the OSp sub-
osmare, but as Cat has preserved the group -sm- up to now it could also come from an 
old alteration of *osumare. From all these suppositions, it would appear that the Basque 
words come from Spanish. However, the fact that osmatu appears in the Glosas Silenses
which are well known as having Basque elements, and the variation in Basque between 
o and u (cf. somatu-sumatu) are inconsistent with this conclusion.

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