Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs: a cross-linguistic study
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PhD-Thesis-99
3.4. Smell
The English verb smell has its origin in OE but it is not recorded, and not represented in any of the cognate languages. It appears in ME as smellen. It seems that E stink < OE stinc was first used for neutral smell and then, when smellen was introduced it came to mean ‘bad smell’. A similar process takes place with stench, OE stenc. This verb already meant ‘bad smell’, but nowadays it is even stronger than stink. Sniff comes from ME sneuien, sniffen from a Scandinavian origin. It is also proposed that this verb has an imitative origin, as in snuff (OED). The Basque verb usaindu is composed of usain. Usai means ‘odour, smell, aroma’ and then -tu, which is one of the verbal suffixes for the perfective participle (>Lat participial suffix -TU) 93 . Usmatu (usmotu) is derived from usma ‘sense of smell, guess’; usmo 94 ‘guess, conjecture’; and -tu, a verbal suffix (see above). Finally, usnatu is derived from usna ‘sense of smell, sagacity’ and -tu, a verbal suffix (see above). As we shall see in the etymological analyses of the Spanish verbs below, the origin of the Basque verbs is here considered to be related to the Sp verb husmear. 92 Apart from this extension of meaning to a more general field, within the ‘sound field’ tocar is nowadays used for any instrument, not only percussion or knocking, but also in the general sense of playing instruments. 93 See Trask (1995) for a description of Basque non-verb forms and their etymological origin. 94 This is very interesting as the main meaning of the noun is no longer ‘smell’ but the figurative one, ‘suspicion, guess, conjecture’. B. Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs 99 The Spanish verb oler comes from Lat olêre. In Latin this verb was originally used intransitively as a percept verb, i.e. only with the subject of the thing that emits odour, whereas olfacere (Sp olfatear) was left for transitive uses (as an activity and experience verb). According to the DCECH, this distinction was no longer present in Berceo (13 ct), where a nominalisation of the Sp verb oler covered both instances. Another characteristic of Sp oler is that this verb refers to the perception of good and bad smells indistinctively. Other Romance languages use different verbs to distinguish between good and bad odours. For instance, Fr sentir ‘to smell’ and puir, puer (< Lat putere ‘to stink’), empester ‘to stink’. Similarly in It sentire, odorare ‘to smell’ and puzzare (< Lat putêre) ‘to stink’. Portuguese also seems to have only one verb: cheirar ‘to smell’, ‘to stink’. Portuguese also has empestar for ‘to smell out’ (cf. Fr empester, Sp apestar). An interesting point here is the fact that some Romance languages have adopted the Latin word sentire in the place of olêre-olfacere. Sentire ‘to feel’ is usually the verb used for describing general perception, and as seen in the section on hearing, it can also mean ‘perception by the ear’. The Latin verb olêre itself seems to come from an IE root for ‘smell’ od- (cf. Gk οζω ózo ‘I smell’). Olfatear comes from Lat olfactâre, verbal form of olfactus, which is the supine of olfacere ‘to smell’. Both oler and olfatear have concrete and non-concrete meanings. The concrete meanings ‘to perceive’ and ‘to emit a smell’ are already present in their Latin cognates: olêre ‘to give off a smell’, ‘to smell sweet’, ‘to stink’ and olfacere ‘to detect the odour of’, ‘to sniff at’. Their figurative meanings, however, seem to be particular to the Spanish verbs as the Latin verbs do not share them. The etymology of husmear is very interesting. According to the DCECH, the primitive forms of this verb seem to be usmar, osmar, which have the same origin as Fr humer ‘to sniff’, ‘to inhale’, It dial usmar ‘to sniff’, ‘to smell an animal trail’, It ormare ‘to follow a trail’, Rum urmà ‘to follow’. These verbs find their origin in Gk osmasthai οσμασθαι ‘to smell’, ‘to sniff’, derived from osmé οσμη ‘odour’. In Spanish, this word appears quite early in the language. In the Glosas Silenses (10 th ct.) osmatu is found and in La Pícara Justina (17 th ct.) the modern form husmear is already present. B. Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs 100 The DCECH states that in the Iberian Peninsula, the OSp *osmare ‘to smell a trail’ and the Lat aestimare ‘to appreciate’ were often mistaken, and that this phonetic and semantic hesitation also occurred in Basque in verbs such as asmatu, usmatu and usnatu, which mean ‘to perceive smells’, ‘to make up and to suspect’. A few comments should be made here. It seems quite reasonable that the verbs discussed above all come from Latin, however the generalisation that has been made in this dictionary is not accurate enough. Although asmatu and usmatu could be similar to the case in Spanish, asmatu does not have any of the meanings above, except ‘to make up’, ‘to invent’, which in turn is not shared by the other two. Asmatu means ‘to invent’, ‘to devise’, ‘to plan’, ‘to think of’, ‘to make up’, ‘to guess’, ‘to conjecture’, ‘to imagine’, ‘to figure out’ (GALW). Later on in the discussion the DCECH states that the Basque words sumatu, somatu and susmatu 95 could be variations of the same verb husmear, from the OSp sub- osmare, but as Cat has preserved the group -sm- up to now it could also come from an old alteration of *osumare. From all these suppositions, it would appear that the Basque words come from Spanish. However, the fact that osmatu appears in the Glosas Silenses, which are well known as having Basque elements, and the variation in Basque between o and u (cf. somatu-sumatu) are inconsistent with this conclusion. Download 1.39 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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