The republic of uzbekistan kokand state pedagogical institute named after mukimi faculty of foreign languages

1.3 Types of dictionary
There are many different types of dictionaries. The three main types are monolingual, bilingual and bilingualized. There are also thesauruses, which are not dictionaries but are closely related.
Monolingual dictionaries- give definitions of words in a single language. The main categories within monolingual dictionaries are:
Current dictionaries, which give the current meanings of a word. These are what most people think of when they hear the word “dictionary”.
Learner’s dictionaries, which give definitions in simple language, and are most suitable for learners of the language.
Historical dictionaries, which list all meanings a word has ever had, from the first to the most recent.
Bilingual dictionaries-give the translation of the headword in a different language than the headword. The language of the headword is called the source language, the language of the translation the target language. A bilingual dictionary can be mono directional, where it only translates from one source language into the target language, or bidirectional, which translates form “Language A” into “language B” and from “language B” into “ language A”.
Bilingualized dictionaries- also called semi-bilingual dictionaries, start off life as a monolingual dictionary, and then have translations added. They have the definition of the headword, and a translation in the target language. Some bilingualized dictionaries translate the headword, some translate the definition, and some do both in different entries.
Thesauruses- give the lists of synonyms and near-synonmys for words. Some also list antonyms.


CHAPTER II. FUNCTION OF DICTIONARY
2 .1 Feature and problems of dictionary
The goal of the big dictionaries is to make a complete inventory of a language, recording every word that can be found. The obsolete and archaic words must be included from the earlier stages of the language and even the words attested to only once(nonce word). In a language with a large literature, many “Uncollected words” are likely to remain, lurking in out-of-the-way sources. The OED caught many personal coinages, but not head-over-heelishness (1882), odditude(1860), pigstyosity (1869), whitechokerism(1866), and other graceless jocularities. For the smaller-sized dictionaries, the editors attempt to choose the words that are likely to be looked up. They comb the scholaryly work carefully and supplement them from files that they may have collected. They may decide to put derivative words at the end of entries as “run-ons” or to have all words strictly as separate alphabetical entries. A print dictionary’s size is ultimately decided by the commercial consideration of how much can be put into a work that can be sold for a reasonable price and held readily in the hand. Dictionaries have probably played an important role in establishing the conventions of English spelling. Dictionaries are more responsive to usage in the matter of pronunciation than they are in spelling. It is claimed that in the 19^th century the Merriam Webster dictionaries foisted a New England on the United States, but buy the mid 20^th century many regional variations had been recorded.
Part of the information that a dictionary should give concerns the restrictions and constraints on the use of words, commonly called usage labeling. There is great variation in language use in many dimensions-temporal, geographical, and cultural. The people who make a two-part division into “correct” and “incorrect” show that they do not understand how language works. The valuation does not lie in the word itself but in the appropriateness of the context. Therefore, it is preferable to be sparing in the use of labels and to allow the tone to become apparent from the illustrative examples. An important distinction was put forward in 1948 by an American philologist, John S.Kenyon, when he discriminated between “cultural levels”, “which refer to the degree of education and cultivation of a person, and “functional varieties” which refer to the styles of speech suitable to particular situations. Thus, a cultivated person rightly uses informal or colloquial language when at ease with friends. Some dictionaries wisely include special paragraphs on the constraints of usage, sometimes as a “synonymy” and sometimes as a “usage note.”
Dictionaries of the past have copied shamelessly from one to another, but the collecting of a file of illustrative quotations makes possible a fresh, original treatment. Scholarly works such as the OED and its supplements follow the canon of always using the earliest quotation and the latest for an obsolete word; in between, the quotations are selected for revealing facets of usage or for “forcing” a meaning. The criterion of use by only the best writers does not hold for a truly historical dictionary, because a “low” source may be especially revealing. A small-sized dictionary may advantageously use made-up sentences, because an aptly framed “forcing” context can tell more than a definition. In fact, the habitual collocations of a word may be revealing of the nature of a word, and during the second half of the 20^th century the compilation of “dictionaries of collocations” represents a new direction in lexicography.
Without a doubt, dictionaries have been a conservative force for many hundreds of years, not only in countries that have had an official academy that has the national language as part of its province but also in the English-speaking countries, in which academies have been spurned. The greatest value of a dictionary is in giving access to the full resources of a language and as a source of information that will enhance free enjoyment of the mother tongue.