Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer
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regarded as equivalent if they signal an analogous
skopos. Seen in this light,
what the translator focuses on first and foremost is indeed language as a means
of communication, although not in the sense of a simple, onedimensional use
of language, rather, its use as a ‘tool’ that serves to ‘communicate’ everything
a culture wishes to express. This is why the equivalence concept is so com
plex and difficult, which actually does not come as a surprise if we consider
a process of language use which Richards (195�: 250) described as “the most
complex type of event yet produced in the evolution of the cosmos”.
As we have mentioned before, the linguistic configuration of a text is influ
enced by various different factors. With regard to the text’s use in the process
of communication, the configuration is determined by situational factors. If
such a text is translated/interpreted not only into another language but also
for another culture, additional factors come into play. It is a mesh of factors:
in each and every text, these multiple factors are interconnected in different
ways; they determine and influence each other and play different roles. Ac
cordingly, it could be regarded as a “utopian undertaking” (this is what Ortega
y Gasset thought of translating) to attempt to find “equivalence criteria which
are valid for more than one text” (Wilss 1975: 19). We cannot offer an exhaus
tive catalogue of the factors relevant to such equivalence; however, we shall
try to identify the fundamental factors which could help us to find plausible
equivalence criteria based on intersubjective arguments.
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