Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer
133 (7) One does not miss what one has never had; but it’s awfully hard go ing without things after one has commenced thinking they are his-hers (English language needs another pronoun) by natural right. (Webster (Webster 1967: 126; emphasis by the authors). (7a) Was man nie gehabt hat, vermißt man nicht; aber es ist entsetzlich, ohne Dinge zu leben, die man für ein natürliches Anrecht hält. (Trans. (Trans. Boveri 1979: 145; emphasis added). (Literal backtranslation: What one has never had, one does not miss, but it is dreadful to live without the things one considers a natural right.) (7b) Was man nie besaß, das wird man auch nicht vermissen; aber es ist ungemein schwer, im späteren Leben ohne den gewohnten Genuß zu leben, nachdem man sich schon daran gewöhnt hatte zu glauben, man besäße diese Dinge von Rechts wegen. (Trans. BoeschFrutiger (Trans. BoeschFrutiger 1970: 1778; emphasis added). (Literal backtranslation: What one never possessed, one will not miss, but it is terribly difficult to live without the habitual pleasures after one has become used to believing that one possessed them by right.) Looking at the highlighted elements of these text fragments, we might come to the conclusion that there is no equivalence between the source and the target texts. Both his-hers and one have been rendered in the translations by man, and the metalinguistic commentary in parenthesis has been omitted. In spite of this, both translations can be regarded as equivalents of the source text. The German language does in fact possess the pronoun which is lacking in English (they are his-hers could be translated by ‘dass sie einem gehören’), and therefore, the comment would be absurd. Moreover, the variation between one and his-hers (instead of one’s own) has no communicative value for the recipients of this genre (a novel for young adults). If these elements were part of a passage used in a textbook for EnglishGerman contrastive linguistics, whose function was to inform students about the structural differences between the two languages and any lexical ‘gaps’ in English, the translator would have to use another strategy. (8) At this final level of mental organization we may be dealing with ‘abstract kinds of proverbs which receive only indirect phonological representation’ (I take proverbs to signify potentialities of meaning ‘anterior to’ even the most rudimentary verbal units). (Steiner (Steiner 1998: 106, emphasis by the author) The segment nicht etwa als ‘Sprichwörter’ (‘not as proverbs’) in (8a), which does not even have a corresponding element in the source text, destroys Equivalence and adequacy 134 textual equivalence because German readers would certainly not confound the linguistic term Pro-Verb with ‘Sprichwort’ (German for proverb). Therefore, the expansion is superfluous and has no communicative value for German readers. In a translation of the passage into Spanish, however, where pro-verbo might indeed be mistaken for proverbio, the explanation would make sense. This shows that there are no general solutions for textual equivalence but only specific ones, depending on the cultures, languages and situations involved. We may therefore conclude that equivalence between sourcetext and target text elements cannot be determined once and for all; it is also not possible for language pairs. Textual equivalence depends not only on textual phenomena but also on the skopos of the translational action. (9) Je m’adresse aux peuples, aux peuples au pluriel. (Cited in Zellmer (Cited in Zellmer 1968: 2�4) (Literally: I am addressing the peoples, the peoples in the plural.) (9a) Ich wende mich an das Volk, die Völker. (9b) Ich wende mich an die Völker. Example (9) has been taken from a speech by the French president Charles de Gaulle. In our opinion, both translations can be regarded as equivalents of the source text under certain conditions: (9a) in simultaneous interpreting, and (9b) in translation. Due to the specificities of French phonology, the simultaneous interpreter cannot tell from the first part of the sentence that the speaker is using a plural form, which is precisely why de Gaulle repeats it together with the specification au pluriel. As in German the plural of Volk is Völker, the interpreter has to add the plural form. If, however, this speech were to be recorded and later translated, version (9a) would convey false information (an das Volk = ‘to the [French] people’ is not part of the source text), whereas the literal translation (see above) would lead to redundancy not present in the source text and which is dysfunctional in the target text because the additional phrase in the plural would be regarded either as incomprehensible or, at best, as a case of emphasis which is not present in the source text. Thus, the target text would have characteristics which have no equivalent in the source text. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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