Zamon shakllari

Are you still feeling cold? – Hali ham sovuqqotyapsanmi? (o’zingni sovuq his qilyapsanmi)

Present perfect – hozirgi tugallangan zamon

They have (They’ve) read the book.
Ular kitobni o’qib bo’lishdi.

Makhmud has finished cleaning his room. – Mahmud xonasini tozalashni tugatib
Have they read the book? Ular kitobni o’qib bo’lishdimi?

Has Makhmud finished cleaning his room? – Mahmud xonasini
They have not (haven’t) read the book. Ular kitobni o’qib bo’lishmadi.

Makhmud has not (hasn’t) finished cleaning his room. – Mahmud xonasini tozalashni tugatib bo’lmadi.

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bo’ldi. tozalashni tugatib bo’ldimi?

Present perfect continuous – hozirgi tugallangan davomli zamon

He has been reading his newspaper for an hour. – U gazetasini bir soatdan beri o’qiyapti.
Has he been reading his newspaper for an hour? – U gazetasini bir soatdan beri o’qiyaptimi?
He has not been reading his newspaper for an hour. – U gazetasini bir soatdan beri o’qimayapti.

Qisqa javoblar (Short answers)

Yes,+personal pronoun+have/has.

No,+personal pronoun+haven’t/hasn’t.

Has she been studying for three hours? Yes, she has./No, she hasn’t. – U uch soatdan beri o’qiyaptimi? Ha./Yo’q

Ishlatilishi

Present perfect va present perfect continuous zamonlari o’tgan va hozirgi paytni bir-biriga bog’laydi. Ya’ni, bu zamonlar o’tgan zamonda boshlanib, hozirda ham davom etayotgan yoki o’tgan zamonda tugagan, lekin natijasi hozirgi zamonga ta’sir ko’rsatib turgan ish-harakatlarni ifodalaydi.

Present perfect	Present perfect continuous
1. O’tgan zamonda boshlanib, hozirda ham davom etayotgan ish-harakatlarni ifodalashda. Bunda asosan have, like, know, be va boshqa holat fe’llari ishlatiladi. Bunday gaplarda since va for – dan beri so’zlaridan foydalaniladi. They have been friends for twenty years. Ular 20 yildan beri do’st. (do’stliklari 20 yil oldin boshlangan va hozirda ham davom etyapti)	1. O’tgan zamonda boshlanib, hozirda ham davom etayotgan ish-harakatlarni ifodalashda shu ish-harakatning davomiyligiga, ya’ni qancha paytdan beri davom etayotganligiga urg’u berganda. Bunda since/for – dan beri, all morning/day/week… - butun tong/kun/hafta bo’yi (davomida) va hokazo kabi so’zlardan foydalaniladi. Sarah has been picking vegetables for two hours. Sara sabzavotlarni 2 soatdan beri teryapti. (terishni 2 soat oldin boshlagan va hozir ham teryapti)
2. Yaqindagina tugagan, lekin natijasi hozirda ko’rinib turgan ish-harakatlarga nisbatan. She has picked a lot of apples. U ko’p olma terdi. (uning qo’lidagi savat olmaga to’la, demak olmalarni yaqinda terib bo’lgan va ular hozirda shu yerda, ya’ni savatda)	2. O’tgan zamonda boshlanib, ma’lum bir vaqt davom etib, so’ngra o’tgan zamonning o’zida tugagan, lekin natijasi hozirda ko’rinib turgan ish-harakatlarga nisbatan. He is dirty. He has been playing football. U kir. U futbol o’ynayotgan edi. (U hozir futbol

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	o’ynamayapti, o’ynab bo’ldi. Lekin, natijasi ko’rinib turibdi, ya’ni uning kiyimlari kir) Tip: Bunday gaplarni o’zbek tiliga “o’ynab keldi/yugurib keldi/yo’gib chiqdi” tarzida tarjima qilisak yanada tabiiyroq chiqadi. Look! Everywhere is white. It has been snowing all night. – Qara! Hamma joy oq. Tuni bilan qor yo’gib chiqibdi. A: “You are out of breath.” – Xansirab qolibsan. B: “Yes, I have been running.” – Ha, yugurib kelyapman.
3. O’tgan zamonda noma’lum bir paytda sodir bo’lgan ish-harakatlarga nisbatan. Qachon sodir bo’lganligi muhim emas yoki noma’lum. Ish-harakatning o’zi muhim. a) He has broken his arm. – U qo’lini sindirib oldi. (qachon sindirib olganligi muhim emas, muhimi uning qo’lini sindirib olganligi) b) Peter has been to Paris four times. – Peter Parijda 4 marta bo’lgan. (uning Parijga borgan paytlari muhim emas, muhimi uning 4 marta borganligi)	3. G’azab, achchiqlanish va jaxli chiqqanligini ifodalash uchun. Who has been reading my business papers? Mening biznesga oid hujjatlarimni kim o’qiyapti. (jaxli chiqqanligini bildiryapti)
4. Gapirayotgan paytda hali tugamagan vaqt bo’laklarida sodir bo’lgan ish-harakatlarga nisbatan. Masalan, today – bugun, this morning/afternoon/week/month/year … - shu tong/tush/hafta/oy/yil va hokazo kabi. She has received three faxes this morning. – U shu tongda 3 ta faks qabul qildi. (u hali yana faks qabul qilishi mumkin, chunki shu tong hali tugamadi. Soat 10 bo’ldi, morning esa, 12 da tugaydi) Lekin: gapirayotgan paytda vaqt bo’lagi tugab bo’lgan bo’lsa, u holda past simple zamonidan foydalanamiz, chunki shu payt bo’lagi ichida boshqa bu harakat sodir bo’lishi mumkin emas. She received three faxes this morning. – U shu tongda 3 ta faks qabul qildi. (hozir soat 2, ya’ni afternoon. Ish-harakat sodir bo’lgan this morning allaqachon tugab bo’lgan, shuning uchun u this morning da boshqa faks qabul qila olmaydi. Endi faqatgina this afternoon da qabul qilishi mumkin)