' G. P. Xomchenko, I. G. Xomchenko
« i-Ly'T (b) reaksiya tenglamasidan quyidagi keiib chiqadi
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,« i-Ly'T (b) reaksiya tenglamasidan quyidagi keiib chiqadi: /KCHjCOOH) = ftfC 0 2): ^ C H jC O O H ) - 0.35 mo); w K C H j C O O H ) = я < С Н , С О О Н ) Л / ( С Н , С О О Н ) ; wi(CH,COOH) = 0,3 5 ■ 60 g = 21 g. 21 g — aralashmadagi sirka kislotaning massasi. U num miqdoriy bo'lganda olinishi kerak bo'lgan efir m odda sining massasi va miqdorini aniqlaymiz: " W
) ' 1 0 0 . ж
_ 1 3 , 2 1 0 0 6 0
ПсПг) IJ.ZIUU "Wd = — 4 * -----; ™(cfir) = ■ ^ g = 2 2
g; «(efir)= ; «(efir) = § = m ol = 0,25 mol. Binobarin, aralashmada m o'l miqdor kislota bor (modda miqdori 0,35 mol bo'lgan kislotadan m o'l miqdor spirt bo'lganda m odda miqdori 0,35 m ol bo'lgan efir olish m umkin bo'ladi). (a) reaksiya tenglam asi asosida quyidagini yozamiz: л(С 2
5
2
5
5
2
5
2
5
= H ,5 g. Dastlabki aralashma namunasining massasi quyidagidan iborat: m = m(C 2
5
3
K om ponentlam ing aralashmadagi massa ulushlarini aniqlaymiz: co(C2H 5O H ) = " ^ H s O H ) . ш (с 2
5 0
= 0 ,3 5 4 yoki 35,4%; c o (C H 3C O O H ) - ” (C H 3C 0 0 H ) m 0
3
Yechish. Trioleatning gidrolizlanish reaksiyasining tenglamasini yozamiz: C H 2
1 7
3 3
C H 2OH С Н 2
7
3 3
+ ЗН 2
1 7
2
1 7
3 3
CH 2OH trioleat g litse r in O lein kislota to'yinm agan. U ning gidrogenlanish reaksiyasi ning tenglamasi: C 1 7
H 33COOH + H 2
7
3 5
COOH. (b ) O lein k islota n in g g id rogen lan ish reaksiyasiga sarflangan vodorod m oddasining miqdorini topamiz: л(Н2) = ^ ) ; я ( Н 2) = ^ | m ol = 1 5 mol. (b) reaksiya tenglamasidan quyidagi kelib chiqadi: л(С, 7
3 3
7
3 3
5 1 5 m G l = 5
Reaksiya uchun olingan yog'ning massasini topamiz: /77 = /7 * M (triolcal) (irioleal) (irioleai)' « (|1МИ1) = 5 - 9 2 2 g = 4610 g = 4,61 kg. 22.11. Ba’ zi bir yog‘ning asosiy komponenti massa ulushi 80% ni tashkil etgan tristearatdir. Massasi 72,5 g shunday yog'ning sovunlanishi natijasida glitserin va stearin kislotaning qanday massalarini olish mumkin? Javobi: 5,875 kg glitserin; 53,25 kg stearin kislota. 2 2 .1 2 . Kaliy stearat — suyuq sovunning m uhim kom ponenti- dir. Agar m ahsulot unumi ishlab chiqarish isrofgarchiligi tufayli 80% ni tashkil etsa, massasi 500 kg bo'lgan kaliy stearat olish uchun kaliy gidroksid va tristearatning qanday massasi kerak bo'ladi? Javobi: 570,3 kg yog' va 103,2 kg kaliy gidroksid. 2 2 .1 3 . Massasi 232 g bo'lgan yog'ning gidrolizlanishi natijasi da massasi 213 g bo'lgan to'yingan bir asosli karbon kislota va glitserin olindi. Y og'ning formulasini aniqlang va uning nom ini ayting. Javobi: tristearat. ADABIYOTLAR Goldfark Ya. L-, Xodakuv ¥ . V., Dodoaov Y. B. Kimyodan mashq va masalalar to'plami, T.7 « 0 ‘qituvchi*. 1984. G ad u m A . S ., Yefrmova К. М ., Magiesiyeva N. N ., M eU a k o n N. V. Kimyodan 500 masala. Т., « 0 “qituvchi*T 1984. Краткий справочник физико-химических величин. 8-е изо. /П од ред. А. А. Р а н е й ■
— Л ;
So'zboshi......................................................................................................3 K irish........................................................................................................... 4 1-§. Kimyo fani va uning vazifalari............................................................ 4 2-§. Kimyoning ahamiy a ti......................................................................... 5 I QISM. U M U M I Y
K I M
O 1-bob. K iajm iai, Trmij Kimyoda atom-molekular ta’lim ot................................................. 7 1 .2-§. Kimyoviy elementlar........................................................................ 8 1.3-§. Oddiy va murakkab moddalar. ADotropiya.................................... 10 1.4-§. Nisbiy atom m assa......................................................................... 11 1.5-§. Nisbiy molekular massa.................................................................12 1.6-§. MoL Molyar massa......................................................................... 12 1.7-§. Kimyoviy belgilar, formula va tenglamalar................................... 14 1.8-§. Kimyoviy reaksiyalar. Reaksiyalami klassifikatsiyalash.............. 16 1.9-§. Moddalar massasining saqlanish qonuni..................................... 20 l.lQ -§. Modda taikibining doimiylik qonuni...........................................22 1.11 -§. Gaz qonunlari. Avogadro qonuni. Gazning molyar hajmi........23 1.!2-§. Namunaviy massalar yechish. Mol. Molyar m assa...................27 1-bobga doir tesriar va ulaming yechimlari............................................ 39 2-bob. D .I. Mendefeyevnmg davriy у м н va a to a la n n g trafeh i 2..l-§ . D.I.Mendeleyevning davriy qonunni kashf etish i....................... 41 2.2-§. D.I.Mendeleyevning elementlar davriy sistem asi....................... 44 2.3-§. Atomlar tuzilishining vadro m odeli............................................. 48 2.4-§. Atom yadrolarining tarkibL Yadro reaksiyalari............................ 50 2.5-§. Atomdagi elektron holatining hoziigi zamon m odeli.................54 2.6-§. Atomlar elektron qobiqlarining tuzilishi..................................... 56 2.7-§. Elektron formulalar........................................................................ 58 2.8-§. D.I.Mendeleyev elementlar davriy sistemasini nazariy asoslash...........................................................................................62 2.9-§. Atomlarning tuzilishi haqidagi ta’limot asosida davriy qonun va davriy sistem a.................................................................................64 2 .10-§. Atomlarning davriy xossalari.......................................................68 2.1 1 -§. Davriy qonunning va atomlar tuzilishi nazariyasining ahamiyati...................................................................................... 71 2 .12-§. Namunaviy massalar yechish......................................................73 2-bobgp doir testlar va ulaming yechimlari............................................ 78 3-bob. Kimyoviy bogiaridi 3. t -§. Kovalent bug'lanish........................................................................ 81 3.2-§. Kovalent bog'lanishning xossalari................................................ 86 3.3-§. Ionli bog'lanish................................................................................. 92 3.4-§. Qutbli va qutbsiz molekulalar...........................................................94 3.5-§. Metall bog'lanish............................................................................... 96 3.6-§. Vodorod bog'lanish...........................................................................98 3.7-§. Kristall panjaralaming turlari .................................................. 99 3.8-§. Struktura formulalari....................................................................... 101 3.9-§. Oksidlanish darajasi....................................................................... 104 3.10-§. Kimyoviy bog‘lanish hamda valentlik........................................107 3.11-§. Namunaviy masalalar yechish. Valentlik va oksidlanish darajasi............................................................................................ I l l 3-bobga doir testiar va ularning yechimlari........................................... 113 4-bob. Kimyoviy reaksiyalaming tezligi. Kimyoviy muvozanat 4.1 -§. Kimyoviy reaksiyalaming tezligi.................................................. 116 4.2-§. Reaksiyaning tezligiga ta’sir etuvchi om illar...............................118 4.3-§. Aktivlanish energiyasi.................................................................... 120 4.4-§. Kataliz va katalizatorlar haqida tushuncha................................... 122 4.5-§. Qaytmas va qaytar reaksiyalar....................................................... 125 4.6-§. Kimyoviy muvozanat..................................................................... 126 4.7-§.Le Shatelye prinsipi........................................................................127 4.8-§..Namunaviy masalalar yech ish ..................................................... 129 4-bobga doir testiar va ularning yechimlari........................................... 130 5-bob. Eritmalarning elektrolitik dissotsilanish nazariyasi 5.1-§. Eritmalar tarkibining son ifodasi.................................................132 5.2-§. Moddalaming suvda eruvchanligi................................................... 134 5.3-§. Erishda bo‘ladigan issiqlik hodisalari............................................ 137 5.4-§. Elektrolitlar va noelektrolitlar........................................................139 5.5-§. Elektrolitik dissotsilanish nazariyasi............................................ 140 5.6-§. Dissotsilanish mexanizmi ............................................................. 141 5.7-§. Ionlarning gidratlanishi.................................................................. 142 5.8-§. Kislota, asos va tuzlarning suvdagi eritmalarda dissotsilanishi... 143 5.9-§. Dissotsilanish darajasi.................................................................... 145 5.10-§. Kuchli va kuchsiz elektrolitlar..................................................... 146 5.11-§. Ion almashinish reaksiyalari........................................................147 5.12-§. Suvning dissotsilanishi. p H ........................................................... 149 5.13-§. Kislota va asoslarning protolitik nazariyasi.................................. 151 5.14-§. Namunaviy masalalar yechish. Moddalaming suvda eruvchanligi................................................................................... 153 5-bobga doir testiar va ularning yechimlari........................................... 161 6
6
6.5-§. Tuzlarning gidrolizlanishi.................................................................. 174 6.6-§. Anorganik birikmalarning sinflari orasidagi b o g 'la n is h ............. 179 6.7-§. Namunaviy masalalar yechish oksidlar, kislotalar, t u z l a r ...... 180
7.1 -§. Oksidlanish-qaytarilish reaksiyalari nazariyasi ............................186 7.2-§. Eng muhim qaytaruvchi va oksidlovchilar..................................... 189 7.3-§. Oksidlanish-qaytarilish reaksiyalarining tenglamalarini t u z i s h .......................................................................................................191 7.4-§. Reaksiyalaming borishiga muhitning t a ’siri................................... 196 7.5-§. Oksidlanish-qaytarilish reaksiyalarining tu z la ri...........................198 7.6-§. Elektrolizning m ohiyati...................................................................... 200 7.7-§. Elektrolitlar suvdagi eritmalarining elektrolizi ............................201 7.8-§. Elektrolizning qo'llanilishi................................................................ 203 7.9-§. Namunaviy masalalar y e c h i s h .........................................................204
8.1 -§. Metallmaslarning umumiy xossalari............................................... 214 8.2-§. Vodorod................................................................................................... 217 8.3-§. S u v ........................................................................................................... 220 8.4-§. Og‘ir su v .................................................................................................222 8.5-§. Galogenlar gruppachasining um um iy tav sifi............................... 222 8.6-§. X lor.......................................................................................................... 225 8.7-§. Vodorod xlorid va xlorid k is lo ta ........................................................228 8.8-§. Xlorid kislotaning tu zlari....................................................................230 8.9-§. Ftor, brom va yod haqida qisqacha m a ’l u m o t.................................231 8-bobga doir testiar va ularning yechimlari.............................................. 232 9-bob. Kislorod gruppachasi 9.1 -§. Kislorod gruppachasining umumiy tavsifi..................................... 235 9.2-§. Kislorod va uning x ossalari................................................................ 237 9.3-§. Oltingugurt va uning xossalari........................................................... 239 9.4-§. Vodorod suifid va sulfidlar.................................................................. 241 9.5-§. Oltingugurt (IV) oksid. Sulfit k is lo ta .............................................. 243 9.6-§. Oltingugurt (IV) oksid. Sulfat kislota..............................................246 9.7-§. Sulfat kislotaning xossalari va uning amaliy a ham iyati...............247 9.8-§. Sulfat kislotaning tuzlari..................................................................... 249 9-bobga doir testiar va ularning yechimlari.............................................. 250 18-bob. Azot erappir h u i 10.1-§. Azot gruppachasining umumiy tavsifi...................................... 253 10.2-§. Azot. Sigma- va pi- bogManishlar............................................... 255 10.3-§. Ammiak...................................................................................... 258 10.4-§. Ammiak ishlab chkjanshning kimyoviy asoslaii..................... 261 10.5-§. Ammoniy tuzlari........................................................................ 263 10.6-§. Azot oksidlari...............................................................................264 10.7-§. Nitrat kislota................................................................................ 266 10.8 §. Nitrat kislotaning metallar va metallmaslar bilan o‘zaro ta’siri 268 10.9-§. Nitrat kislotaning tuzlari............................................................ 270 10.10-§. Fosfor.........................................................................................271 10.11-§. Fosfor oksidlari va losfat kislotalar..........................................274 10.12-§. Mineral o‘g‘h lar....................................................................... 276 10-bobga doir testiar va ulaming yechimlari........................................278 11-bob. Uglerod biwppnbiii 11.1-§. Uglerod gruppachasining umumiy tavsifi................................. 280 11.2-§. Uglerod va uning xossalari.......................................................... 282 11.3-§. Uglerod oksidlari. Karbonat kislota...........................................286 f I.4-§. Karbonat kislotaning tuzlari......................................................289 Download 6.95 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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