2–sho’ba ilg‘or xorijiy tajribalar, xalqaro baholash dasturi talablari orqali o‘qitish metodologiyasini takomillantirish

Keywords: graphic abbreviations, linguistics, oral and written speech, model.


АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье исследуются концепции сравнительного анализа графических аббревиатур на английском и узбекском языках. В этом мы можем рассмотреть происхождение графических аббревиатур и их отличие от аббревиатуры и их изучение на английском и узбекском языках. Отличия графических аббревиатур от других аббревиатур исследователи утверждают, что эти аббревиатуры не имеют ничего общего с языком. Графические сокращения на самом деле предпочтительнее из–за их простоты применения в языке и того, что они понятны читателю.
Ключевые слова: графические аббревиатуры, лингвистика, устная и письменная речь, модель.

Abbreviations are actually called graphs, since for a written form, graphic tools are used to mark certain units of speech, and the optimal correspondence of the implementation of oral and written forms less than expected from the existing basis is linguistic units of speech.

Graphic abbreviations do not fully represent an idea in a language, but are abbreviations consisting only of letters. It is a conditional abbreviation of a frequent word, or phrases used only in written speech, and is considered encrypted in the process of reading.
V.Z. Sannikov In his scientific research, thought that "graphic abbreviations are a process similar to a system of punctuation, which is considered that they do not have a significant connection with the phenomena of oral language[1], they serve as a conditional sign" A.M.Sukhotin highlights abbreviations in his research on graphic abbreviations with the following definition: "graphic abbreviations are not language bases, but full or partial abbreviations–which do not affect the word" Therefore, A.M.Sukhotin actually releases graphic abbreviations as non–linguistic abbreviations. The same opinion has been expressed by other researchers. For Example, M.M. Segal "abbreviations look like something completely alien to the language "[Segal]. As Wachek notes, " abbreviations exist in a domain of a character other than those that apply to the language that later appeared in the field of graphics[2]. This prevents the development of graphic abbreviations–abbreviations are an integral part of another language system” The methodology of the study of Uzbek language[3], despite its earlier appearance, is considered to have little significant presence of abbreviations. However, acquaintance with periodicals (scientific journals, works, etc.) is proof of our opinion, dictionaries contain a lot of graphic abbreviations–that is, they are common in a particular area of science.
Analysis and review of Uzbek publications show that:
almost entirely accepted graphic abbreviations recurrence and overlap;
industrial graphic abbreviations in Uzbek and English are presented in much larger quantities than in some languages;
there are also such graphic abbreviations in English that some of them, the equivalent in Uzbek, cannot be found.
The absolute extinction of the equivalent is also possible (the graphic abbreviation does not apply in the language at all) and the relative position. Here are some examples of the general graph which are abbreviations in languages. By generally accepted, we understand graphic abbreviations that are used without decoding in industry periodicals, school textbooks, various popular publications, official documents, announcements etc. However, the same abbreviations can be incomprehensible to another reader. Some researchers, notably M.A.Belyayeva, " graphic abbreviations alternate in full form with full words, they can have variants” For example: mkrn–microrentgen back water, d–inch, wire. – symmetric, perpendicular[4], etc.
On the use of graphic abbreviations L. I. Garneva notes: "abbreviations for this group should include all graphic abbreviations used in various scientific texts on Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, History, Physics, Technology, etc. When referring the source to the reader, comments for them have become very necessary" Graphic abbreviations[5] of the names of the writer, taken as an example from certain linguistic works, are very common in the languages under comparison. For example: masc. gen. – masculargender, fem. gen.– feminine gender, sing. num. – singular number, pl. num. – plural number at all. This is usually reflected in grammatical manuals and explanatory dictionaries. There is even a procedure for explaining conditional abbreviations: a special list of abbreviations with decoding is given at the beginning or at the end. Abbreviated words are sometimes given in parentheses with part of the text, that is, without semantic and grammatical connection.
Despite the fact that abbreviations are quite simple, many translators have certain difficulties in translating them. First of all, this is due to the fact that after the well–known political changes in the 1990s of the twentieth century, the development of the Russian aviation language was largely beyond the attention of translators of countries where the Russian language is no longer used.
Conclusions and suggestions graphic abbreviations are the result of shortening groups of words and phrases not only in written speech, but also in oral speech, appropriate forms are used to save time and effort. The English–language sleeve ancient group of graphic abbreviations comes from Latin.