Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
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Management Accounting
95 Do you want to set a profit target for your sales force? What gross sales figure in dollars will they have to reach for a pretax profit equal to 25% of sales? Let X = sales in dollars Sales $ = 1.0X Less:Variable costs = 0.6X Contribution margin $40,000 + .25X = 0.4X Less: Fixed costs $40,000 Profit before taxes .25X .4X = $40,000 + .25X .15X = $40,000 X = $40,000 ÷ .15 X = $267,000 (after rounding up) Use the variable cost income statement to test the solution. Sales $ 267,000 Less:Variable costs 160,200 = .6 ($267,000) Contribution margin $106,800 = .4 ($267,000) Less: Fixed costs 40,000 Profit before taxes $66,800 With rounding, $66,800 is 25% of $267,000. Come on, folks! That’s a doable target. OK, we’re getting hot now. What sales in dollars do we need Management could perform BE/CVP analysis separately for each prod- uct. It could be hard to allocate common fixed costs of all product lines to each single product line. You assume to know the selling prices and costs over the relevant range.There are a number of factors, particularly involved in overhead calculations, as we shall learn in the next chapter, that make these fig- ures less certain. In many situations, more sophisticated mathematical tools, to include calculus and linear programming, can be used to reach similar results.The BE/CVP analyses work best for firms, branches, or product lines with sales less than $8-$10 million. Beyond that range, you will need more sophisticated forecasting tools. Webster05.qxd 8/29/2003 5:41 PM Page 95 Accounting for Managers 96 to hit a targeted after-tax profit of 8% of sales? This is the kind of number the Board of Directors or CEO sets up. You wonder where they got it. I can assure you it was set only after the most careful deliberation, considering all relevant economic, social, and market factors. Trust me. Let X = sales in dollars Sales $ = 1.0X Less:Variable costs = 0.6X Contribution margin $ = 0.4X Less: Fixed costs 40,000 Profit before taxes $ Less: Income taxes Profit after taxes $.08X We’ve done something like this before, so it should be get- ting easier. Remember: this takes practice. AFTER = (1 − tax rate) x BEFORE 0.08X = (1 − .35) x BEFORE 0.08X ÷ 0.65 = BEFORE 0.123X = BEFORE Therefore, Sales $ = 1.0X Less:Variable costs = 0.6X Contribution margin $ 40,000 +.123X = 0.4X Less: Fixed costs 40,000 Profit before taxes 0.123X Less: Income taxes 0.35 X Profit after taxes 0.08 X .4X = 40,000 + .123X .277X = 40,000 X = $40,000 ÷ .277 X = $144,404 The following income statement checks the solution: Sales $144,404 Webster05.qxd 8/29/2003 5:41 PM Page 96 |
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