Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
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- Operating Leverage
- Contribution Margin Is Key
- Accounting for Managers 98
Management Accounting
97 Less:Variable costs 86,643 = .6 x $144,404 Contribution margin $57,761 Less: Fixed costs 40,000 Profit before taxes $17,761 Less: Income taxes 6,216 = .35 x $17,761 Profit after taxes $11,545= .08 x $144,404 (after rounding) Hey, that wasn’t so hard. As a bonus, your sales target is now actually lower than the 25% of pretax sales you set earlier. Now for some graduate school work. Here’s an example using multiple products with different contribution margins. Product SP − VC = CM x Mix = CM A $10 − $6 = $4 x 3 = $12 B $8 − $5 = $3 x 2 = $6 Total CM per package $18 Given:Total A and B fixed costs = $180,000 BE (units) X = Fixed cost / Unit contribution margin = $180,000 / $18 = 10,000 packages to break even Since each package contains three units of A and two units of B, to break even, we need to sell: A: 3 x 10,000 = 30,000 units B: 2 x 10,000 = 20,000 units Operating Leverage Operating leverage measures how much a firm or project relies on fixed rather than variable costs. Picture a teeter-totter: one end is sales and the other is profit. Here’s what operating lever- age looks like: Contribution Margin Is Key If you face any limitations on the quantity of products that can be produced or sold, then you gain the greatest total profit through concentrating on those products that yield the highest contri- bution margin in relation to the limiting factor. Webster05.qxd 8/29/2003 5:41 PM Page 97 Accounting for Managers 98 As you can see, the fulcrum is shifted well off-center toward the revenue side. That means that if you push down on the rev- enue side of the lever the profit side will obviously move up much more than the corresponding push down. That’s operat- ing leverage—a unit increase in revenue results in a multi-unit increase in profit. Increased leverage means replacing variable costs with fixed costs. Operating leverage implies replacing labor with capital, workers with machines. Greater operating leverage increases profits when sales are high, since variable costs are lower and the contribution margin is increased. Conversely, when most of the costs are fixed, then the costs will remain high while sales are dropping and profits shrink. This is why profits often shoot up after a retrenchment. Companies have cut variable costs to survive, so when sales increase again, profits outpace the addi- tion of variable costs. There is some controversy within the accounting profession about how operating leverage should be determined. For our purposes, we’ll use the following formula: degree of operating leverage = contribution margin ÷ profit before taxes (aka operating income) (DOL = CM / OI) Revenue Profit (OL) Download 3.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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