Алишер навоий номидаги тошкент давлат ўзбек тили ва адабиёти университети ҳузуридаги илмий даражалар берувчи dsc
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Ё.Саидов. Автореферат
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words of the borrowed layer in the language of Jadid poetry» and it discusses the
words of adopted layer classifying them in thematic groups. In the researches on the lexicology in Uzbek linguistics, adopted words from other languages is researched dividing them into three groups: Arabic, Persian and European Russian languages. Coming from this, we preferred to analyse and classify them in separate lexical groups. 2.2.1. Persian words. The problems of the relations between the Turkish and Tajik-Persian languages and their influence on each other have been discussed in series of scientific articles, manuals and researches. 34 The adoption of Persian-Tajik words into the Uzbek language is not the result of one period. It has taken several historical periods. Scientific works discuss that during the last two thousand years in Central Asia, particularly, in Uzbekistan the local language changed three times, that is western Persian language replaced eastern Persian language, and at the beginning of the century Turkish language was widely spread. 35 In the formation of the Uzbek 34 Навоий. Муҳокаматул луғатайн // Танланган асарлар. –Т.: Фан‚ 1948. -3-том. –Б.171-209; Боровков А.К. Таджикско-узбекское двуязычие и вопрос о взаимовлиянии таджикского и узбекского языков / Лингвистический сборник. -М.: 1952. –IV том; Фахри Камол. Ўзбек тили лексикаси. –Т.: 1953; Усмонов С. Ўзбек тилининг луғат составида тожик-форс ва арабча сўзлар / Навоийга армуғон. -Т.: 1968; Орзибеков Р.‚ Комилов Н. Зуллисонайнлик // Ўзбек тили ва адабиёти. –Т.: 1968. -№1. –Б. 39-40; Юсупов К. Ўзбек ва тожик тилларининг ўзаро таъсири. –Т.: 1974; Бегматов Э. Ҳозирги ўзбек адабий тилининг лексик қатламлари. –Т.: Фан, 1985. 35 Ўзбекистон тарихи / Дарслик. -Т.: Янги аср авлоди‚ 2003. –Б. 55. 48 nation and their language, Qarluq, Oghuz and Kipchak tribes together with Persian speaking tribes (Sughds, Khorezmians) contributed greatly. Persian words used in Jadid literature are classified into 16 thematic groups. The bilingualism of Turkish and Persian-Tajik languages which started in ancient times continued traditionally at the beginning of the 20th century. Most of the representatives of Jadid literature knew the Persian-Tajik language very well and some of them created their works in this language. The adopted Persian-Tajik words denoting state, quality and abstract notions were mainly used in Jadid poetry. During the historical development, Persian words did not almost change phonetically and lexically. 2.2.2. Arabic words. The Arabic language is one of the languages that affected Uzbek language strongly. Some scientific works revealed those effects. Arabic words used in Jadid poetry are classified into fifteen thematic groups. Almost all the adopted Arabic words used in Uzbek literary language were in wide use in old Uzbek language. This testifies that the usage of Arabic words in Jadid poetry had historical basis and its usage continued traditionally. The amount of adopted Arabic words used in Jadid poetry differs according to a poetical system. Their number in the poems written in «aruz» measure is more than the number in the poems written in «finger» measure. The adopted Arabic words denoting religious, moral, abstract and concrete notions were actively used in Jadid poetry. 2.2.3. Russian and European words. The words borrowed from Russian and through Russian European words comprise some parts of Jadid lexis. They can be classified according to the following thematic groups: 1. The words denoting time, number and quantity: минут [р. минута < lat.] (minute); миллион [р. февраль] (February), март [p. Khondaliki). 2. The words denoting finance: банк [p. (capital) and others. (Chulpan); белат [p. билет] (ticket), пилон [p. план < lat.] (plan); pул [ф-т < Greek] and etc. (Abdulhamid Majidi). 3. Socio-political terms: кўлликтив [p. коллектив < lat.] (colleague), союз [p] (union), кампания [p. компания Fr.] (company), буржуа [p. буржуазия < fr.] (bourgeoise) and etc. (Elbek); район [p. < fr.] (region), суд [p] (court), партия [p < Ger.] (party) and etc. (Is’khokkhon Ibrat). 4. The words denoting transport and industry: электир [p. электр < фр.] (electr), флот [p. < ger.] and others. (Chulpan); матор [p. мотор < lat.] (motor), трактар [p. трактор < eng.] - tractor, мошина [p. < fr.] - car, техника [p. < gr.] technics, радийў [p радио < lat.] radio, вағун [p. вагон < eng.] wagon, радийўприйомник [р. радиоприёмник] - radio, завўд [р. завод] - factory and others. (Abdulhamid Majidi). 5. The names of things: лента [p], лампа [p < fr.] and others. (Elbek); камзул [p < fr.] robe, торт [p < ital.] cake, самавар [p самовар], кўфия [р копия] copy, лампа [p < fr.] lamp and others. (Is’hokkhon Ibrat). 49 6. The words denoting position and profession: пристав [р. – local police officer < lat.], судия [р. судья] - judge and etc. (Karimbek Kami); депутат [р. < lat ] deputy, пристав [р], инвалид [р < lat.] invalid, каниз [р. князь] knight, полис [р полиция < ger.] police and others. (Sufizada). 7. The words denoting natural phenomena: пуртана [storm, strong sea wave], вулқон [р. вулкан < lat.] volcano, лава [р. < ital.] lava and others. (Botu). 8. The words denoting food and drinks: торт [р. < ital.] cake, фива [р пиво] beer and others. (Ibrat); канфет [р. конфета] candy, вино [p] wine and etc. (Majidi); конияк [р. коньяк], шампoн [р. шампанское] champaign and etc. (Ajzi). 9. The words denoting communication means: тилифўн//телефўн [р телефон < gr.] telephone, тилгиром [р телеграмма < gr.] telegram, тилғироф [р телеграф < gr.] telegraph, заказ [p] order, адрес [р < fr.] address, канверт [р конверт] envelope, пасилка [р посылка] parcel, почта [р < polish] post and others. 10. Ethnic names: ўрис//рус (Russian), фаранг (French), юнон, лотин (Latin), немис (German), ислован (Slavian) and others. 11. Military words: танка [р. танк < eng.] tank, фрўнт [р. фронт < ger.] front, пулимўт [р. пулемёт], армия [р. < fr.< lat.] army, иштаб [р. штаб < ger.] headquarters and etc. 12. The words denoting place and position: ресторан [р < fr.] restaurant, парк [р < eng.] park and others. (Chulpan); пассаж [р] passage, зол [р зал < ger.] hall, гастинса [р гостиница] – (hotel) and others. (Karimbek Kami). 13. The words denoting culture, art and education: жаз [р. джаз < eng. – оркестр.] - orchestra, рўл [р. роль < fr.] role, гимнастика [р < gr.] gymnastics, газет [р. газета < ital.] newspaper and others. (Chulpan, Elbek, Ibrat); гимнозия [р гимназия < gr.], газит [р. газета < ital.] newspaper, райал [р. рояль < fr.] grand piano, виставка [p] - exhibition and others. (Kami, Khondaliki). 14. Phytonyms: помидор [р < ital.] tomato, картушка [р. картошка] potato and etc. (Elbek). In Jadid poetry, Russian-European words concern different spheres of social life and most of them denote everyday household words rather than scientific- technical terminology. Most of the adopted Russian words or the words adopted through it are the words denoting social-political life and educational, transportation and communication notions. Most of the adopted lexemes at the beginning of the 20th century were not written in its native pronunciation but changing them into Uzbek pronunciation. (paligrap, istal). This reflected Jadid poetry as well. In the language of Jadid poets, the number of used Turkish, Arabic, Persian and Russian words is different. The number and percentage of words in Jadid poetry are concluded in the following table. |
