Anorganik kimyo
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- A = ------------------ = ----------1 A = --------- .
- [ C l u U 4 J
- 15- ja d v a l
- C a C O , 5 -IO
- 2 , 5 1 0 10 Cu S 6 -10 36 A g B r 6 - 1 0 13 C u 2S M O - 18
- Teri(Iiujayralar ichi), har xil qatlamlar Siydik Tufuk Oshqozon shirasi Oshqozon osti bezi
- Ot pufagi Umurtqamiya suyuqligi Ko‘z yoshlari Sut Qon zardobi 7,0-8,0
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2 c 6 h 5 n h 2 C SH SN
1 , 7 6 - IO’5 4-10-2
k = 4 , 4 - 1 0 ‘5 k = l , 5 - 1 0 - 9 k = 9 , 6 1 0 ' t k2= 3 -1 0 "s 1-10-J 3-10
6 4 , 4 - 10-1 3,8-10-'° 1 , 7 0 - 1 0 y D is s o ts ia la n is h k o n s ta n ta s i 0 ‘z g a rm a s h a r o r a t d a i o n la r k o n se n tra ts iy a si k o ‘p a y tm a s in in g m u v o z a n a td a g i a y n i e le k tr o lit k o n sen tratsiy asig a n isb a tid ir. К elek tro lit ta b ia ti va h a ro ra tg a b o g 'liq . / f q iy m a ti q a n c h a k ic h ik b o 'ls a , e le k tro lit k u c h s iz h is o b la n a d i. D isso tsia la n ish d arajasi b ila n d iss o tsia la n ish k o n sta n ta s i o ra sid a q u y id a g i b o g 'I a n is h b o r. A g a r [H+] = a -C\ [ N 0 2 ~\ = a C; [ H N 0 2] = (1 - a ) ■ C, j, C a C a a 2 C „
a 2 C A = ------------------ = ----------1 A = --------- . ( l - a ) - C 1 - a 1 - a B u te n g la m a O stv a ld n in g s u y u ltiris h q o n u n in i ifo d a lo v c h i te n g la m a d e y ila d i. a n in g q iy m a ti q a n c h a lik k a tta b o ‘lsa, К n in g q iy m ati h a m s h u n c h a k a tta b o 'la d i. J u d a k u ch siz e lek tro litlar u c h u n 1— a = 1 b o 'ls a , K = a 2 - С q iy m a tg a te n g b o 'la d i: a = y[K~JC. A g a r k o n s e n t r a ts iy a 100 m a r t a k a m a y s a , d i s s o ts ia la n is h d arajasi 1 0
m a rta o rta d i. 6 .6 . E r u v c h a n l i k k o ‘p a y t m a s i Q iy in eriy d ig a n m o d d a la r n in g ( C a S 0 4, A g C l, B a S 0 4 v a b o s h q a la r) to 'y in g a n e r itm a s id a c h o 'k m a b ila n e rig a n m o d d a io n la ri o 'rta sid a m u v o zan a t q aro r topadi. M asalan, 25°C d a C a S 0 4 eritm asida: C a S 0 4(q) = C a 2+(s) + S 0 4 2_(s), К = [Ca^ ] ^ ' ]
[ C l u U 4
K a s r n in g m a x ra jid a g i K [ C a S 0 4] = K , o 'z g a r m a s q iy m a tg a u n in g e ru v c h a n lik k o 'p a y tm a s i (E K ) d ey ilad i. A y n i h a r o r a t d a q iy in e r iy d ig a n m o d d a l a r n in g t o 'y i n g a n e r itm a s id a i o n la r k o n s e n tra ts iy a la ri k o 'p a y tm a s i o 'z g a r m a s s o n b o 'lib sh u m o d d a n in g e ru v c h a n lik k o 'p a y tm a s i d ey ilad i.
4 2_] = 2,25 1(T4 J u d a k o 'p m o d d a la r u c h u n E K q iy m a ti b e rilg a n (1 5 - ja d v a l) va u m o d d a la rn in g eruvchanligini hisob lash lard a ishlatiladi. Q uyidagi ja d v a lg a k o 'r a e n g y o m o n e riy d ig a n b irik m a H g S d ey ish m u m k in .
25°C da b a ’zi qiyin eruvchan tuzlarning eruvchanlik k o 'pay tm asi Birikmalar Eruvchanlik ko'paytmasi Birikmalar Eruvchanlik ko'paytmasi C a S O , 2 , 2 5 1 0 ^ Z n ( O H ) M O 17 C a C O , 5
-9
Q a to r fa rm a ts e v tik p r e p a r a tla r ta h lilid a c h o ‘k tirish u su li k e n g q o 'lla n ila d i, b u usul y o m o n e riy d ig a n m o d d a la rn in g e ru v c h a n lig ig a a s o s la n g a n . K lin ik ta h lild a h a m p e s h o b ta r k ib in i a n iq la s h d a , o s h q o z o n sh ira si te k s h irilg a n d a , q o n ta rk ib i va s a n ita riy a - g ig iy e n a te k s h iru v la r id a c h o 'k tir is h u su li k e n g k o 'l a m d a is h la tila d i. M o d d a la r n in g su v d ag i e ru v c h a n lig i va u n in g to k s ik t a ’siri o ra sid a b o g 'liq lik bor. A g a r o rg a n iz m g a k o ‘p m iq d o rd a Ai3+ kiritilsa, e r im a y d ig a n fo s fa tla r h osil b o 'lis h i h is o b ig a ra x it p a y d o b o ‘Iadi. 6 . 7 . I o n l i r e a k s i y a l a r v a i o n l a r m u v o z a n a t in i n g s iljis h i B a r c h a e le k tr o litla r is h tir o k id a a m a lg a o s h a d ig a n re a k s iy a la r io n la r o ra sid a s o d ir b o ‘lad i. B u n d a y re a k siy a la r ion li re a k siy a la rd ir. I o n a lm a s h in is h re a k siy a la rig a q u y id a g ila r k ira d i: 1. N e y tra lla n ish reaksiyalari. K islo ta v a a so sla rn in g o ‘za ro t a ’siri tu fa y li tu z va suv h o sil b o 'lis h re a k siy a sid ir: 2 N a 0 H + H 2 S 0 4= N a 2 S 0
4 + 2 H 20 (r e a k s iy a n in g m o le k u la r te n g la m a s i) 2 N a ++ 2 0 H - + 2 H ++ S 0 4 2 '= 2 N a ++ S 0 4 2 - + 2 H 20 ( t o 'l i q io n li te n g la m a ) 0 H ~ + H += H 20 (q is q a rtirilg a n io n li te n g la m a ) 2. R e a k siy a p a y tid a k u c h siz e le k tro litla rn in g h o sil b o 'lis h i h a m io n a lm a s h in u v re a k s iy a la ri tu fa y li s o d ir b o la d i: K C N + H C l= H C N + KC1 K - + C N - + H ++ C 1 -= H C N + K ++C1- C N - + Ь Г = H C N 3. R eak siy a d a v o m id a y o m o n e riy d ig a n m o d d a la r h o sil b o 'lis h i y u z b e rsa : N a2C 0 3 + C aC l2 = C a C 0 31+ 2NaCl 2 N a++ C 0 32- + C a 2++ 2C1~= C a C 0 34 + 2N a++ 2C1~ C 0 32- + C a 2- = C a C 0 3i 4. B a ’zi reaksiyalarda reaksiya b o s h id a o lin g a n c h o 'k m a reaksiya d a v o m i d a e r itm a g a o 't i s h i m u m k in . B u p a y t d a e r u v c h a n lik y a x s h ila n a d i y o k i re ak siy a d a v o m id a g a z m o d d a h o sil b o 'lis h i k u z a tila d i. С аС О , 4 + 2НС1 = CaCl, + Н ,0 + С О , t С а С 0 3 4 + 2Н ++ 2C I- = Са2+ + 2С11 + Н ,0 + С 0 2 1 С аС О , 4 + 2Н + = С а2+- + Н ,0 + С 0 2Т AgCl
+ 2N H 4OH = [Ag(NH3)~]CI + 2Н 20 AgCl
+ 2N H 4O H = [Ag(NH3),]+ + C 1 -+ 2 H 20 FeS 4 + 2HC1 = FeClj + H 2S t FeS
4 + 2H ++ 2C1- = Fe2+ + 2C I~ + H 2S t FeS
4 + 2H + = F e2+ + H 2S t 5. R eaksiya p a y tid a gaz m o d d a la rn in g h o sil b o 'lis h i o rq ali h a m io n a lm a s h in is h re a k siy a la ri y u z a g a kelad i: N a 2S 0 3+ 2 H C l= 2 N a C l+ H 20 + S 0 21 N a 2++ S 0 , 2- + 2 H ++ 2 C i- = 2 N a ++ C l - + H 20 + S 0 2 1 S 0 32- + 2 H " = H 20 + S 0 2 1 6 . R e a k siy a d a v o m id a k o m p le k s b irik m a la r h o sil b o 'ls a : C uC lj + 4 N H 40 H = [C u (N H 3)JC 12+ 4 H 20 2 A l+ 6 N a 0 H + 6 H 20 = 2 N a 3[A l(0 H )6]+ 3 H 2 T 2A l+ 6N a++ 6 0 H - + 6 H 20 = 6 N a ++ [A l(0 H )6]3- + 3 H 2t 2 А Г + 6 0 Н - + 6 Н 20 = [А 1 (0 Н )6]3- + З Н 2Т Bil34 + K I=K [B iI4] BiI34 + K ++ l - = K ++ [ B iI J - BiI3+4 + I - = [ B i I 4]- Io n la r o ra sid a g i re a k siy a la r d o im o m u v o z a n a td a b o 'la d i. A g ar sirk a k islo ta e ritm a s ig a n a triy a ts e ta t q o 's h ils a m u v o z a n a t c h a p g a , y a ’ni m o le k u la la r h o sil b o 'lis h i ta ra fig a q a ra b siljiyd i: C H 3C O O H C H 3C O O -+ H + E ritm aga kuchsiz elektroliti bilan b ir xil ionga ega b o 'lg a n elektrolit q o 'sh ilsa , m u v o z a n a t k u c h siz elek tro litn in g d isso tsiy a la n ish d arajasi k a m a y ish ta ra fig a q a ra b su rilad i. A g a r sirk a k is lo ta e ritm a s ig a b iro r k u ch li k islo ta , m a s a la n , H C I q o 's h ils a , m u v o z a n a t io n la r k o n s e n tra tsiy a sin i k a m a y is h i (c h a p g a ) tarafiga q a ra b siljiydi. I o n la r k o n s e n tr a ts iy a s i o rtis h i u c h u n b u e r itm a g a is h q o r q o 's h is h k e ra k b o 'la d i. K a m e r iy d ig a n tu z M n S (q ) x lo rid k is lo ta d a e ritils a , e rish ja ra y o n i o s o n s o d ir b o 'la d i: M nS(q) + 2HC1 = M n C l 2 + H 2S M nS(q) + 2H+ = M n2+ + H 2S E a iv c h a n lik k o ‘p a y tm a s ig a k o 'r a E K MnS = 2 ,5 * IO ’ 1 0 g a te n g . K H 2 s = 6 - IO-22. S h u n in g u c h u n m u v o z a n a t o 'n g g a s u rilg a n . S h u n d a y m u v o z a n a t m is sulfidi va xlo rid k islota e ritm a s i o ra sid a s o d ir b o 'lis h i k u z a tilsa : C uS(q) + 2HC1 = CuCl^ + H2S E K CuS — 6 - 1 O’36; b u q iy m a t H 2S n in g d is s o ts iy a la n is h k o n s - ta n ta s i d a n a n c h a k ic h ik , s h u n in g u c h u n m u v o z a n a t b u j a r a y o n d a c h a p g a siljigan. M is sulfidi xlorid k islo tasid a erim a y d i. B a ’z a n g id ro liz re a k siy a la rid a g i m u v o z a n a tn in g siljish ig a h a m io n la r n in g q o 's h ilis h i t a ’s ir eta d i: Ғ е С Қ + H 20 «-> FeO H C L,+ H C l F e 3+ + 3C1- + H 20 F e O H - + 2 C 1 -+ H h + C h F e3+ + H 20 F e O F P + H + M u v o z a n a tn i o 'n g g a siljitish u c h u n s u y u ltiris h y o k i H + io n - la rin i b o g 'la s h , y a ’n i is h q o r q o 's h is h k erak . M u v o z a n a tn i c h a p g a su iilish i u c h u n e sa e ritm a d a g i H + io n la rin i k o 'p a y tiris h ta la b etilad i. N e y tr a lla n is h re a k s iy a la ri la b o ra to riy a la rd a o s h q o z o n s h ira s i k islo ta lig in i a n iq la s h d a , x lo rid , su lfa t, b o ra t k islo ta kabi a n o r g a n ik k is lo ta la r n i, s irk a , b e n z o y , lim o n , sa lits ilg a o 'x s h a s h o r g a n ik k is lo ta la rin in g m iq d o riy a n iq la s h u c h u n ish la tila d i. 6 . 8 . S u v n in g i o n k o ‘p a y t m a s i S u v h a m k u c h s iz e le k tr o litla rg a k ira d i. S u v m o le k u la s i o z b o 'ls a d a io n la rg a d isso tsilan a d i: H 20 < ^ H ++ O H ‘ S u v u c h u n d is s o ts iy a la n is h k o n s ta n ta s in in g q iy m a ti y o zilsa: K D = Ш + ] [Q H ~1 = i s 10“16(20°C ) D [H 20 ] A g a r s h u q iy m a t a s o s id a [ H +] [O H ~ ] k o 'p a y tm a to p ils a , u s u v n in g io n k o 'p a y tm a s i d e y ila d i. K w = [ H +] [ 0 H - ] = K d [ H 2 0 ] = 1 , 8 1 0 - 16— = 1 IO 4 4
18 — s u v n in g io n k o 'p a y tm a s i; K d = 1, 8 1 0 16
A g a r e r itm a d a v o d o ro d va g id ro k sil io n la ri k o n s e n tra ts iy a s i te n g [ H +] = [ O H ~ ] b o 'ls a , m u h it n e y tra l h is o b la n a d i. B u n d a [ H +]= [O H - ] = IO - 7
m o l/1 g a te n g b o 'la d i. A g a r m u h i t k is lo ta li b o 'l s a , v o d o r o d io n la r i k o n s e n t r a t siyasi g id ro k sil io n la ri k o n s e n tra tsiy a sid a n k a tta b o 'lib , [ H +]> 1 0 - 7
b o 'la d i. A g a r m u h it is h q o riy b o 'ls a , v o d o ro d io n la ri k o n s e n tra ts iy a s i g id ro k s il io n la ri k o n s e n tr a ts iy a s id a n k ic h ik b o 'l i b , [ H +] < 1 0 ‘ 7
b o 'la d i. L e k in v o d o ro d io n la ri k o n s e n tra ts iy a s i o rq a li h is o b la s h la rd a j u d a k ic h ik s o n la r ish la tilg a n i u c h u n b u n d a y h is o b la r a n c h a g in a q iy in c h ilik la r y u za g a k eltirad i. H iso b la sh la rn i o s o n la s h tiris h u c h u n v o d o ro d k o 'r s a tk ic h yoki p H q a b u l q ilin g a n . V o d o ro d k o 'r s a tk ic h yoki p H d e b , v o d o ro d io n la ri k o n s e n tra t- siy a s in in g te s k a ri is h o ra b ila n o lin g a n o 'n li lo g a rifm i tu s h u n ila d i: pH = - l g [ H +] , S h u n g a o 'x s h a s h pO H = -lg [O H ~ ], T o z a s u v n in g p H q iy m a ti p H = — lg [1 0 7] = - ( - 7 ) lg 10 = 7 g a te n g . H is o b la s h la rg a k o 'r a k islo ta li m u h it u c h u n p H q iy m a ti 0 d a n 7 g a c h a o 'z g a ra d i. Is h q o riy m u h itd a esa p H q iy m a ti 7 d a n 14 g a c h a b o 'lg a n s o n la r n i q a b u l q ila d i. [H +] [O H _ ] = 1 0 1 4
q iy m at logarifm lansa, u n d a p H + p O H = 14 g a teng. O xirgi te n g la m a p H m a ’lu m b o 'ls a , p O H n i y ok i te s k a ris in i topish g a im k o n beradi. 6 .9 . I n d ik a to r la r h a q id a tu s h u n c h a E r itm a d a g i v o d o r o d io n la r i k o n s e n tr a ts iy a s ig a q a r a b o 'z r a n g in i o 'z g a r tir a d ig a n m o d d a la r in d ik a to r d e y ila d i. I n d ik a to r la r b ir rangli yoki ikki rangli in d ik a to rla rg a b o 'lin a d i. M a s a la n , la k m u s ikki rangli in d ik a to ig a k irad i, c h u n k i u o 'z ra n g in i k islo tali m u h itd a h a m va is h q o riy m u h itd a h a m o 'z g a r tir a d i. F e n o lf ta le in in d ik a to ri b ir ra n g li in d ik a to rd ir. B u in d ik a to r o ‘z ra n g in i f a q a t is h q o riy m u h itd a o ‘z g a rtira d i. U n iv e rs a l in d ik a to r b ir n e c h a in d ik a to r la r t o ‘p la m id a n ib o r a t b o 'lib , u n in g ra n g i a n c h a g in a k e n g c h e g a r a d a o 'z g a r a d i. R a n g li ja d v a l b ila n s o lis h tiris h o rq a li b u in d i k a t o r p H n i 0 d a n 14 g a c h a ± 1
a n iq lik d a to p is h g a im k o n b erad i. H o z irg i p a y td a e le k tr o m e tr ik v a k o lo rim e trik u s u ld a p H ni a n iq la s h u s u lla ri a n c h a a n iq u s u lla rd a n h is o b la n a d i. p H n in g tib b iy o td a g i a h a m iy a ti. B io lo g ik su y u q lik la r, t o 'q i - m a la r p H q iy m ati 0 ‘z g a rm a s q iy m atg a eg a b o ‘ladi. 1 6-jadv alda b a ’zi b io lo g ik s u y u q lik la m in g p H q iy m a ti k e ltirilg a n . 1 6 - j a d v a l B a ’zi biologik suyuqliklam ing pH qiym ati Biosuyuqliklar M e’yordagi pH Biosuyuqliklar M e’yordagi pH Teri(Iiujayralar ichi), har xil qatlamlar Siydik Tufuk Oshqozon shirasi Oshqozon osti bezi shirasi 6,2-7,5 4,8-7,5 6,35-6,85 0,9-1,1 7,5-8,0 Ingichka ichak O't pufagi Umurtqamiya suyuqligi Ko‘z yoshlari Sut Qon zardobi 7,0-8,0 6.6-6,9 7,40+0,05 7,40+0,1 6.6-6,9 7,4+0,05 B u ja d v a lg a k o ‘ra o d a m o rg a n iz m id a g i tu rli s u y u q lik la m in g p H q iy m ati a n c h a g in a k eng c h e g a ra d a o 'z g a ra d i. O s h q o z o n sh ira sin in g p H q iy m a ti 1 g a y a q in b o ‘lg an h o ld a q o n z a rd o b in in g p H q iy m a ti 7 ,4 e k a n lig i m a ’lu m . Q o n d a g i, u m u r tq a p o g ‘o n a s i, m iy a su y u q lig in in g p H q iy m a ti, k o ‘z y o sh la ri, o s h q o z o n sh ira si d o im iy p H q iy m a tig a ega. B io lo g ik s u y u q lik la rd a p H n in g d o im iy lig i b u f e r tiz im la r tu fa y li u sh la b tu rila d i. B a ’z a n to 'q im a la r d a k e ta y o tg a n reak siy alard a g i fe rm e n tla m in g b io lo g ik fa o llig i s u y u q lik la m in g p H q iy m a tig a b o g 'liq . O s h q o z o n sh ira s i f e r m e n ti p e p s in n in g fa o llig i p H = l e n g fa o l h is o b la n a d i. O q s illa r v a p e p t id la r g iro liz in i k u c h a y tir a d ig a n o s h q o z o n o sti b e z la ri — tr ip s in v a x im io tr ip s in n in g fa o llig i k u c h s iz is h q o riy m u h itd a y u q o rid ir.
Q o n d a g i p H n in g o d a td a g i h o l a td a n ( p H = 7 , 4 ) k is lo ta li m u h itg a q a ra b o 'z g a ris h i a sid o z d e y ila d i. A g a r o 'z g a r is h is h q o riy m u h itg a q a ra b b o rsa a lk alo z d eb a ta la d i. O s h q o z o n s h ira s in in g m u h itin i a n iq la s h k lin ik te k s h iru v la rd a katta ah am iy atg a ega hisoblanadi. 6 . 1 0 . K i s l o t a v a a s o s l a r t o ‘g ‘r i s i d a g i z a m o n a v i y t a s a w u r l a r A rr e n iu s n a z a riy a s ig a k o 'r a k is lo ta la r d is s o ts ila n g a n d a H + k a tio n i h o sil q ila d ig a n m o d d a la rd ir. A so sla r d is s o ts ila n g a n d a O H - a n io n i h o sil b o 'la d i. S h a ro itg a q arab h a m H + va h a m O H - a n io n i h o sil q ila d ig a n m o d d a la r a m fo te r e le k tr o litla r d e y ila d i. L e k in b u n d a y q a r a s h la r a n c h a g in a k a m c h ilik la rg a eg a b o 'lib , u la r d a n e n g m u h im la r i: — d isso tsila n ish sa b a b in i va b u n d a e ritu v c h in in g o 'r n i h iso b g a o lin m a g a n ; — k islo ta va a so sla rn in g t a ’rifi h a m ju d a t o 'g 'r i e m as. S h u n d a y o rg a n ik m o d d a la r b o rk i (s u lfa d im e z in ) u la r v o d o ro d io n i a jra t- m a y d i, lek in k islo ta x o ssalarig a ega; — ay n i p a y td a trim e tila m in , g e k s a m e tile n te tra m in , a m id o p irin kabi b irik m a la r g id ro k sil g u ru h ig a ega e m a s , le k in aso s x o ssa la rin i n a m o y o n e ta d i; — b u n a z a riy a n i suvsiz e le k tro litla r h a m d a k u ch li e lek tro ltlarg a q o 'lla b b o 'lm a y d i. B r e n s te d - L o u r i t a ’rifi. 1923-yiI d a n iy a lik o lim B re n s te d va ingliz o lim i L ouri to m o n id a n ishlab ch iq ilg an . A g a r siste m a o 'z id a n p r o to n a jra tsa ( p r o to n la r d o n o ri) k islo ta , a g a r o 'z i p r o to n b ila n b irik sa aso s h is o b la n a d i. D e m a k , n e y tra lla n is h re ak siy asi p r o to n - n in g k islo ta d a n aso sg a o 'tis h i bilan s o d ir b o 'la d i. P ro to n n i y o 'q o tib kislo ta aso sg a ay lan a d i, ch u n k i hosil b o 'lg a n m o d d a p ro to n biriktirib k islotaga ay lanadi: A +* В + H f kislota
asos proton
Е + Н + С asos proton kislota
А + Е — С + В kislota+asos kislota+asos N e y tr a lla n is h re ak siy asi p ro to n g a e g a b o 'lis h u c h u n k e ta d ig a n k o n k u re n t re a k s iy a d ir. A va В tu ta s h s is te m a d e y ila d i. K is lo ta v a a s o s la r n e y tra l m o le k u la la r, m u s b a t y o k i m a n fiy io n la r b o 'lis h i m u m k in : K islota Asos C H
3 C O O H «-» С Н 3 С О С Г + Е Г N H ( C H 3 ) 3
N (C H
3 ) 3 + H "
H S 0 4 -< - > s o 4 2- + h + [C u (H 2 0 ) 4] 2 += [ C u ( H 2 0 )
3 0 H ] + +H + B re n ste d — L o u ri t a ’rifiga k o 'r a suv, a m m ia k a m fo te r e le k tro lit h is o b la n a d i. C h u n k i u k u c h li a s o s la r is h tir o k id a o 'z in i k islo ta , k u c h li k is lo ta la r is h tir o k id a aso s x o s s a s in i n a m o y o n e ta d i: НС1 + Н 2 0<-> Н
3 0 ++ С Г N H 3
4 ++ O H " B a rc h a b u j a r a y o n l a r m u v o z a n a td a b o 'l i b , m o d d a l a r n in g p ro to n berish q o b iliy a tig a b o g 'liq . H C I e ritm a s id a m u v o z a n a t o 'n g g a s u rilg a n , c h u n k i H C I p r o to n l a m in g d o n o r i h is o b la n a d i. C h io n i H C I n isb a ta n k u c h siz a so sd ir. N H 3 ish tiro k id a k u c h siz k islo ta H 20 g a k u c h li a so s O H - t o 'g 'r i k elad i. K is lo ta la rn in g k u c h i u la rn in g d is s o ts ila n is h k o n s ta n ta s i b ila n ta v sifla n a d i. O d a td a , k is lo ta n in g d is s o ts ila n is h k o n s ta n ta s i (K a) e m a s , balki u n in g lo g a rifm i o lin a d i ( p K a). In d e k s d a g i «а» a s id u m - k islo ta s o 'z in in g b o s h h a r f id a n o lin g a n . M a s a la n , C H 3C O O H u c h u n p K a = 4 ,7 6 . N H 4O H u c h u n p K b= 4 ,7 5 . S h u n g a o 'x s h a s h a s o s la r u c h u n h a m a s o s lik k o n s ta n ta s i m a v j u d , u h a m K,, d e b b e lg ila n a d i, «Ь» in d e k s i b a s e — a s o s s o 'z in in g b o sh h a rfid a n o lin g a n .A s o s la rd a h a m k o 'p in c h a b u q iy m a t o 'r n ig a
u n in g lo g a rifm i ( p K b) o lin a d i.M a s a la n , ru x g id ro k s id i u c h u n pK b = 4 ,3 6 va p K b = 8,83 ga teng . E ritu v c h ila r sistem asi t a ’rifi. Bu t a ’rifga k o 'ra kislota ay ni eritu v c h id a k a tio n h o sil q ila d ig a n m o d d a d ir: H 20 + H 20 ** Н 30 ++ 0 Ь Г N H j(s ) + N H 3(s) о N H 4 ++ N H 2 H 2S 0 4 + H 2S 0 4 <-> H 3S 0 4 ++ H S 0 4 ■ E rig a n d a o 'z k a tio n la rin in g k o n s e n tra ts iy a s in i o s h ir a d ig a n e r itu v c h ila r k is lo ta la r, o 'z a n io n la ri k o n s e n tra ts iy a sin i o s h ira d ig a n e ritu v c h ila r a s o s la r deyilad i. K o 'p g in a re a k siy a la r e r itm a d a k e tg a n i u c h u n b u n d a e r itu v c h in in g x o s sa la rin i b ilis h ju d a m u h im d ir . T a rk ib id a p r o to n tu tg a n va o z m i yoki k o 'p m i k is lo ta x o ssasig a e g a b o 'l g a n e r itu v c h ila r p r o to n e r itu v c h il a r d e y ila d i. P r o t o n e ritu v c h ila r o 'z - o 'z i d a n io n la s h a o la d i (ЕЦО, H 2 S 0
4 v a b o s h q a la r). P r o to n e r itu v c h ila r d a e rig a n m o d d a z a rra c h a la r i n a f a q a t e ritu v c h i z a rra c h a la ri balk i au to d isso tsilan ish ja ra y o n id a yuzag a kelgan k a tio n va a n io n l a r b ila n o 'r a lg a n . A p ro to n e ritu v c h ila r sifa tid a q u tb lilig i k a m y o k i k u c h s iz q u tb lan g an d isso tsilan m ay d ig a n lekin k u ch siz solvatatsiyaga u c h ra y d ig a n s u y u q lik la r k ira d i (C C 1 4 ,C
H 6 va b o s h q a la r). D is s o ts iy a la n m a y d ig a n le k in k u c h li s o lv a tla n a d ig a n q u tb li e r itu v c h ila r ( d im e tilf o r m a m id , d im e tils u lfo k s id va b o s h q a la r ) h a m d a k u c h li q u tb la n g a n a u to d is s o ts ila n a d ig a n e r itu v c h ila r kirad i ( P O C I 3 , B r F
3 va b o s h q a la r). L y u is t a ’rifi. 1923-yil am erik alik k im y o g ar L yuis tak lifig a k o 'r a k is lo ta e le k tr o n j u f t a k s e p to rla y d ig a n m o d d a , a so s b o 'ls a e le k tr o n ju ft b e r a d ig a n m o d d a d ir. K islo ta va a s o s n in g o 'z a r o t a ’siri d o n o r - a k s e p to r m e x a n iz m b o 'y ic h a b o ra d i: 2 N H 3+AgCl = [A g(N H 3) 2]Cl 6H 20 : + C rC l3 = [C r(H 20 ) 6]Cl3 A m m ia k b o 'lin m a g a n e le k tr o n la r ju ftig a ega b o 'lg a n i u c h u n a so s b o 'l a d i , k o o r d in a ts io n to 'y in m a g a n m o d d a A g C l k is lo ta hisoblanadi.
L y u is fik ric h a b a r c h a o d a td a g i lig a n d la r ( N H 3, C N - , F - , C l- , SO .,2', H 20 va b o s h q a la r ) a s o s la r h is o b la n ib , b a r c h a m e t a l la rn in g io n la ri k is lo ta la rd ir. M e ta ll io n in in g lig a n d g a m u n o s a b a ti lyuis kislo talig i d e y ila d i. A y n i h o la td a lig a n d n in g m e ta ll io n i b ila n b o g ‘ h o sil q ilis h q o b iliy a ti ly u is c h a a s o s lik d e y ila d i. L y u is n in g k islo ta lig i va aso slig i ju f tin in g ta b ia tig a q a r a b o 'z g a ris h i m u m k in . M e ta ll io n la rin in g lig a n d g a m u n o s a b a tig a q a ra b ik k ig a b o ‘lish m u m k in . B irin c h i g u ru h m e ta lla r y e n g il lig a n d la r b ila n d o n o r a k s e p to r m e x a n iz m b o 'y i c h a e n g b a r q a r o r b o g ‘ h o s i l q ilis h i m u m k in . B u b o g 'n in g m u s ta h k a m lig i lig a n d n in g m a s s a s i o r tg a n sari k a m a y a d i ( F - , C l- , В г~, I- , N R 3, R 3 P , R 3 A s, R
3 S b ).
I g u ru h g a ish q o riy v a is h q o riy y e r m e ta lla rin in g io n la ri k ira d i, s h u n i n g d e k T i 3+, F e 3+, C o 3+, A l3+ B u g u r u h m e t a l l i o n l a r i (k is lo ta la r) k a m q u tb la n a d i v a y e n g il h a m d a k a m q u tb la n a d ig a n lig a n d (a s o s)la r b ila n t a ’s irla s h a d i.B u n d a y k is lo ta v a a s o s la r q a ttiq h iso b la n a d i. I I g u ru h g a o g 'i r m e ta lla r io n la ri k ir a d i.M a s a la n , H g 2+, H g 22+, P t 2+, P t4+, A g+, C u + io n la r i k ira d i. B u g u r u h m e ta ll io n la r i v a ligandlari k a tta h a jm g a ega, o s o n q u tb la n a d i. A n a s h u n d a y kislota v a a s o s la r y u m s h o q h is o b la n a d i. 6 . 1 1 . A k t iv lik , a k t i v l ik k o e f f i t s i y e n t i . E r i t m a n i n g i o n k u c h i K u c h li e le k tr o litla r . K u c h li e le k tr o litla r e r itm a la r id a io n la r k o n s e n tra ts iy a si y u q o rilig i sa b a b li e r itm a d a g i e le k tr o s ta tik t a ’s ir a n c h a k u c h li h is o b la n a d i. K u c h li e le k tr o litla r n a z a riy a s i P .D e b a y va E .X y u k k e l to m o n id a n is h la b c h iq ilg a n b o 'l i b , io n la r o ra s id a g i e le k tr o s ta tik t a ’s irn in g e r itm a x o ss a la rig a t a ’s irin i tu s h u n tir a d i. B u n a z a riy a a so sid a h a r b i r io n a tro f id a q a r a m a - q a r s h i za ry ad li io n a tm o sfe ra si b o rlig i a so s q ilib o lin g a n . I o n a tm o s fe ra s in in g h o s il b o 'lis h i, b i r xil z a ry a d la n g a n io n la r n in g b ir - b i r i d a n q o c h is h i v a h a r xil z a ry a d li io n la rn in g o 'z a r o to r tilis h ig a a s o s la n g a n . A n a s h u h o d is a tu fa y li h a r b ir io n q a r a m a - q a r s h i z a ry a d li i o n l a r b ila n o 'r a l g a n .I o n a tm o s fe r a s in in g z ic h lig i m a r k a z iy i o n d a e n g y u q o ri b o 'lib u n d a n u z o q la s h g a n sari k a m a y a d i. Io n a tm o s fe r a s in in g zichligi va o 'lc h a m i elektrolit eritm asin in g te rm o d in a m ik x ossalariga b o g 'liq . O d a td a , k u ch siz kislo ta va aso slarn in g d isso tsilan ish k o n sta n ta si o 'z g a r m a s h a r o r a t d a d o im iy q iy m a tg a e g a . L e k in e l e k t r o li t k o n s e n tra ts iy a si o s h g a n d a (C > 0 ,2 m o l/1 ) e r itm a d a g i io n la r s o n i o r tib , u l a r n in g o 'z a r o v a e r itu v c h i m o le k u la la r i b ila n t a ’s iri k u c h y a d i, b u e sa ele k tro lit d is so tsila n ish k o n s ta n ta s in i o 'z g a ris h ig a o lib k elad i. K o n s e n tra ts iy a va io n k u c h i o 'z g a ris h i b ila n d is s o ts ila n is h k o n stan tasid ag i o 'z g arish larn i tavsiflaydigan kattalik aktivlik dey ilad i. 1907-yil a m e rik a lik o lim L uyis k o n s e n tra ts iy a n i to 'la ro q if o d a la sh u c h u n ak tiv lik tu s h u n c h a s in i k iritd i.A k tiv lik s h u n d a y k a tta lik b o 'lib , un i m a ssalar t a ’sir q o n u n i ifodasiga q o 'y ilsa b u te n g la m a h a r q an d a y k o n sen tratsiy ad a o 'rin li b o 'lib qoladi. D e m a k , aktivlik h aq iq iy k o n s e n tra ts iy a d ir. A ktivlik q u y id a g i fo rm u la o rq a li a n iq la n a d i: a = у С . B unda: a — erigan m oddaning aktivligi, mol/1, С — erigan m oddaning konsentratsiyasi, у — aktivlikning m olar koeffitsiyenti (u o'lch am siz kattalik). A g a r m o la l k o n s e n tra ts iy a o lin s a , a k tiv lik k o e ffitsiy e n ti m o la l a k tiv lik k o effitsiy e n ti d ey ilad i. A g a r k o n s e n tra ts iy a o 'r n ig a ak tiv lik q o 'y ils a d is s o ts ila n is h k o n sta n ta si k o n se n tra ts iy a g a b o g 'liq b o 'lm a y q o la d i. M a s a la n , H A k islo ta u c h u n d is s o ts ila n is h k o n s ta n ta s in i ak tiv lik b ila n b o g 'la s h m u m k in : к = а и+ - g A_ ^ [H +}-y+ -[A~I /_ _
~ [НА] ./НА ’
q iy m a t e r itm a d a g i io n k u c h ig a b o g 'liq em as. S uy ultirilgan eitm a la rd a aktivlik koeffitsiyenti birga teng, aktivlik /a m o la rlik o 'z a r o te n g b o 'la d i. D e m a k , aktivlik ideal e ritm a la rn in g real e ritm a la rd a n farq in i b a h o la s h d a q o 'U a n ilish i m u m k in . A k tiv lik koeffitsiyenti eritm an in g io n k u ch ig a b o g 'liq b o 'lib , elektrolit tabiatiga b o g 'liq em as. T u rli zaryadli io n la rn in g k u c h i 17 -jad v a ld a k eltirilgan.
E r itm a la rd a g i tu rlic h a z a ry a d la n g a n io n la rn in g ak tiv lik k o effitsiy en tlarin in g q iy m ati Download 5.87 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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