Anorganik kimyo
Download 5.87 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Gidrolizda alohida holatlar.
- Kovalent bog‘lanishga ega bo‘lgan birikmalar gidrolizi.
- 7.2. Gidroliz konstantasi
- 7.3. Gidrolizlanish darajasi
- 7-bobga oid savol va masalalar
- {Javob
|
Birgalikdagi gidroliz. K u c h li aso s h a m d a k u c h s iz k is lo ta d a n h o sil b o 'lg a n tu z v a k u c h s iz a so s h a m d a k u c h li k is lo ta d a n h o sil b o 'lg a n tu z la r e r it m a la r in i a r a la s h tir g a n im iz d a u l a r b i r - b ir in in g g id ro liz la n is h in i k u c h a y tir a d i. C h u n k i b u n d a h o s il b o 'la y o tg a n H + va O H - o 'z a ro b irik ib suv h o sil b o 'la d i va m u v o z a n a t o 'n g g a siljiydi. B u n d a y g id ro liz n i b irg a lik d a g i g id ro liz d ey ilad i. A g a r g id ro liz ja r a y o n id a b ir n e c h ta tu z is h tir o k e ts a g id ro liz o x irig a c h a borad i: 2 A lC l3 + 3 N a 2C 0 3 + 3 H 20 = 2A 1(0H )3 I + 3 N a2S 0 4 + 3 C 0 2 t A13++ 3 C 0 3 2-+ 3 H 20 = 2A 1(0H )3 I + 3 C 0 2 B u ja ra y o n d a A IC I 3 o 'r n ig a A1 2 ( S 0 4)3; C rC l3; F e ( N 0 3) 3; B iC l3; F e 2
4 ) 3 la rn i o lis h m im k in . N a 2 C 0
3 o 'r n ig a K jC O j, L i 2 C 0
3 o 'x s h a s h k a r b o n a tla m i o ls a b o 'la d i. A g a r g id ro liz j a r a y o n i C u S 0 4 is h tir o k id a o lib b o rils a : 2 C u S 0 4 + 2 K 2C 0 3 + H 20 = ( C u 0 H )2C 0 3 I + 2 K 2S 0 4 + C 0 2 t 2 C u 2++ 2 C 0 3 2 + H 20 = ( C u 0 H ) 2C 0 3 I + C 0 2 T B u g id ro liz j a r a y o n id a C u S 0 4 o 'r n ig a M g S 0 4, B e S 0 4 o lish m u m k in . G id r o liz ja r a y o n i d a k a r b o n a t la r o 'r n ig a , s u lfid la r, a ts e ta tla r h a m olsa b o 'la d i: 2 F e C l3 + 3 N a2S + 6 H 20 = 2 F e (O H )3 i +6N aC l + 3 H 2S t 2 F e 3++3S2~+6H 20 = 2 F e(O H )3 I +3H 2S t 2A1(N 03)3 + 6 C H 3 C O O N a + 6 H 20 = 2 A 1 (0 H )3 l + 6 N a N 0 3 + 3C H 3COOH 2A13+^ C H 3C 0 0 “+6H20 = 2A1(0H)3 1 +6CH3COOH
2 C rC l3 + 3 N a2S 0 3 + 3H 20 = 2 C r(O H )3 I + 6N aC l + 3 S 0 2 4. 2 C r 3++ 3 S 0 3 2“+ 3 H 20 = 2 C r(0 H ) 3i + 3 S 0 2 t Gidrolizda alohida holatlar. B u n d a y j a r a y o n d a g i d r o l i z b o s q ic h li a m a lg a o s h ib , c h o 'k m a h o s il b o 'lis h i k u z a tila d i. U s h b u g id ro liz v is m u t ( I I I ) , q a la y (IV ) , s u r m a ( I I I ) v a b o s h q a q a t o r tu z la r e r itm a la r id a b o ris h i m u m k in .M a s a la n , v i s m u t( I I I ) x lo rid e ritm asid a a w a l reaksiya k atio n b o 'y ic h a ikki b o sq ich d a am alg a o sh ib , v is m u til x lo r id c h o 'k m a s i h o sil b o 'lis h i b ila n n ih o y a s ig a y e ta d i: 1 - bosqich B iC l3 + H 20 о B iO H C l2 + HCI B i3++ H 20 B iO H 2++H + 2 - bosqich B iO H C l2 + H 20 <-> B i(O H )2Cl + HCI B i 0 H 2++ H 20 <-> B i(O H )2 4 H + L e k in h o s il b o 'lg a n B i ( O H ) 2C l su v a jra tib o k s o x lo rid la r h o sil q ila d i v a c h o 'k m a hosil qiladi: B i(O H )2Cl = B iO C l I + H 20 S h u n g a o 'x s h a s h s ilik a t n a tr iy g id ro liz i, b u tu n la y b o s h q a c h a a m a lg a o s h ib d im etasilik a t n a triy hosil b o 'lib , g id ro silik at io n la rin in g d i m e r h o sil q ilish i a m a lg a o s h a d i: N a 2S i 0 3 + H 20 +* N a H S i0 3 + N aO H S 1 O 3 2~+H 20 <-> H S i 0 3 + О Н ' 2 N a H S i0 3 -> N a 2S i0 5 + H 20 2 H S i 0 j _- > S i 20 5 2“ + H 20 H a q iq a td a k e ta y o tg a n g id ro liz ja ra y o n la ri a n c h a g in a m u ra k k a b b o 'lib , y u q o rid a k e ltirilg a n r e a k s iy a la r s h ra tli d e b q a b u l q ilin is h i d a rk o r. A slid a g id ro liz re a k siy a la ri k o m p le k s h o sil b o 'lis h i, d im e r, o lig o m e r, p o lim e rla r h o sil b o 'lis h i b ila n k e tish i m u m k in . S h u n in g u c h u n h a m g id ro liz re ak siy alari m e x a n iz m i t o 'l a o 'r g a n ilg a n e m as.
U s b u b irik m a la r q a to rig a k o v a le n t b o g 'la n is h g a eg a b o 'l g a n m e ta ll va m e ta llm a sd a n tash k il to p g a n yoki ik k ita turli m e ta llm a sla rd a n ib o ra t le k in b o g 'I a n is h q u tb li ta b ia tg a e g a b o 'l g a n b ir ik m a la r k ira d i.B u b ir ik m a la r n o e le k tr o lit m o d d a la r q a to rig a k irib , u la r n in g g id ro liz i fa q a t m o le k u la r te g la m a la r h o la tid a y o z ila d i:
К Н + Н 20 = К О Н + Н 2
C a 3 N 2 + 6Н 20 = З С а ( 0 Н ) 2 + 2 N H 3 N a 3P + ЗН 20 = 3 N aO H + Р Н 3 С а С
2 + 2 Н 20 = С а(О Н ) 2 + +С
2 Н 2 РС1 5 + Н 20 = Р 0 С 1 3 +2Н С 1 S iC l 4
2 S i 0
3 + 4НС1 S 0 2
2 + 2 Н 20 = H 2 S 0
4 + 2НС1 M g2Si + 4 Н 20 = 2 M g (O H ) 2
+ S iH 4
G id r o liz re ak siy asi q a y ta r b o ‘lg a n lig i u c h u n u n d a m u v o z a n a t q a r o r t o p a d i . M u v o z a n a tg a m a s s a la r t a ’siri q o n u n in i ta tb iq e ta m iz . M a s a la n , k u c h s iz k islo ta v a k u c h li a s o s d a n h o sil b o 'l g a n tu z : C H
3 C 0 0 + H 20 <-» C H 3C O O H + O H - K _ [ C H 3 C O O H ] - [ O H - ] . K = q i _ [C H 3 C O O H ] • [OH ~] [C H 3 C 0 0 ' ] [H 2 0 ] ’
8
2 [C H
3 C O O ~]
S h u te n g la m a n in g s u ra t va m a x ra jin i [ H +] g a k o 'p a y tirs a k : „
[CH 3 COOH] [OH“] [H + ] [ O H ~ ] [ H +] 1 [C H
3 COOH]
Kg = --------------------------------------------------------; -------= ------------------------- [C H
3 COO~] • [H +] K kis K kis [CH 3 C O O - ] [H + ] [ O H - ] - [ H +] = K w q iy m a t s u v n in g io n k o 'p a y tm a s i e k a n lig i h iso b g a o linsa: K u c h s i z k is lo ta va k u c h li a s o s d a n h o s il b o 'l g a n tu z n i n g g id r o liz la n is h k o n s ta n ta s i, s u v n in g io n k o 'p a y tm a s in i k u c h s iz k islo ta d isso tsiy a k o n s ta n ta s ig a n is b a tig a te n g . G id ro liz k o n s ta n ta s i tu z n in g ta b ia tig a v a h a r o ra tig a b o g 'li q b o 'l ib , tu z n in g k o n s e n tr a t siyasig a b o g 'liq e m as. K u c h siz asos va kuchli k islo tad an hosil b o 'lg a n tu zlarn ing gidrolizi: N H 4CI + H 20 N H 4O H + H CI [N H 4 O H ] [ H +] [N H 4 +] B u te n g la m a n i h a m s u ra t v a m a x ra ji [ O H - ] g a k o ‘p a y tirils a , u n d a : K _ [N H 4 O H ] ■ [H +] ■ [OH - ] _ [H+] ■ [ O H - ] . K [N H 4
8
[ N H 4 +] [ O H “ ] K asos ’
[N H 4 +] [ O H ~ ] If K e = - ± Z - . 6 T/-
14 asos T u z n in g g id ro liz k o n s ta n ta s i aso s y o k i k is lo ta n in g d is s o t siy alan ish k o n sta n ta si q a n c h a k ic h ik b o ‘lsa, s h u n c h a y u q o ri b o ‘ladi. A g a r tu z k u c h s iz a so s va k u c h s iz k is lo ta d a n ta s h k il to p g a n b o 'ls a g id ro liz k o n sta n ta si: C H
3 C O O -+ N H 4 + + H 20 C H 3 C O O H + N H 4OH У [C H
3 C O Q H ] [N H 4 OH]
[ C H 3C O C T] [N H 4 +] A g a r b u te n g la m a [ H +] [ O H - ] ga k o ‘p a y tirils a : У [C H
3 C O O H ] [N H 4 Q H ] - [ H +] [OH ] [H +] [ O H - ] . [ C H 3C O C T I• [N H 4 + ] [H +] • [OH "] ~ ’ K w = [ H +l - ] [ OH- ] ; K g= — ^ ----- .
^ k i s ^ a s o s Bu te n g la m a g a k o 'r a k is lo ta v a a s o s n in g d is s o ts ila n is h k o n s ta n ta s i q a n c h a k ic h ik b o 'ls a , u n in g g id ro liz la n is h k o n s ta n ta s i s h u n c h a y u q o ri b o 'la d i.
G id ro liz la n g a n tu z m o le k u la la ri s o n in in g ( n ) u m u m a n e rig a n tu z m o le k u la la ri s o n i ( N ) g a n is b a ti g id ro liz d a ra ja si ((3) d ey ilad i: yoki * = £ - 100- G id ro liz d a ra ja si tu z n in g ta b ia tig a , k o n s e n tra ts iy a s ig a v a e r it m a n in g h a ro ra tig a b o g 'liq b o 'la d i. K u c h li a so s v a k u c h s iz k is lo ta d a n h o sil b o ‘lg an tu z la r n in g g id ro liz in i k o 'r a y lik : C H 3C O O N a + H 20 +* C H 3C O O H + N aO H C H
3 C O O + H 20 <-> C H jC O O H + O H к [С Н
3 С О О Н ] [О Н ~] p-c p-c p2 c,
K P 2 C g ~
[C H 3 C O O -] ~ ( \ - p ) C ~ \ - p ’ g 1 - Р ' A g ar g id ro liz la n is h d a ra ja si ju d a k ic h ik b o 'ls a , 1— p = 1 b o 'la d i va fo rm u la s o d d a la sh a d i: D e m a k , g id r o liz d a ra ja s i k u c h li a so s va k u c h s iz k is lo ta d a n h o sil b o 'lg a n tu z la r n in g k o n s e n tra ts iy a s i q a n c h a k ic h ik b o 'l s a , g id ro liz d a ra ja s i s h u n c h a y u q o ri b o 'la d i. A g a r k u c h siz a so s va k u c h li k is lo ta d a n h o sil b o 'lg a n tu z la r n in g g id ro liz la n is h te n g la m a s i q a r a b c h iq ils a : N H 4C1 + H 20 о N H 4O H + H C I { \ - p ) C P C p C n h 4 ++ h 2o N H 4O H + H
[N H 4O H ] [H + ] p e p С P 2 С . P 2 C [ n h 4 +] ~ a- p) - c ~ а - p ) ’
s ~ i - / Г K u c h s iz a so s b il a n k u c h li k is lo ta d a n ib o r a t b o 'l g a n tu z la r u c h u n g idroliz d arajasi tu z n in g k o n sen tratsiy asig a teskari b o g 'la n g a n . E ritm a q a n c h a s u y u ltir ilg a n b o 'ls a , g id ro liz s h u n c h a te z b o ra d i. A g a r a m m o n iy a ts e ta tn in g ( C H 3 C O O N H 4) g id ro liz la n is h i h is o b g a o lin s a , b u m o d d a h a m a n io n v a h a m k a tio n b o 'y i c h a g id ro lizg a u c h ra y d i: p C p C K g = P 2 C\ P 2= ^ ; Р = Щ 7 с P = C H 3
4 + H 20
C H 3 C O O H + N H 4O H p С P - C ( 1
- Д) • с ( I - P ) C (1 - / 7 ) C ( 1 - / ? ) C ( I - / ? ) 2 , _ (1 - P ) 1 8
p* ' 8
pi D e m a k , k u c h s iz a so s va k u c h s iz k is lo ta d a n h o s il b o 'l g a n tu z n in g g id ro liz d a ra ja si e r itm a k o n s e n tra ts iy a sig a b o g 'liq e m a s . G id ro liz ja ra y o n i fa rm a ts iy a d a k a tta a h a m iy a tg a ega. K o 'p g in a d o ri m o d d a la r i e r itm a d a ta y y o rla n a d i. A y n iq s a tu z la r , o q s illa r v a b o s h q a h o la tla rd a gid ro liz ja ra y o n i h iso b g a o lin ish i k erak . M a s a la n , y irin g li y a r a la m i tu z a tis h u c h u n P b ( N 0 3 ) 2
is h la tila d i. B u tu z g id r o liz la n is h i tufayli P b 0 H N 0 3 h o s il b o 'lib , a so siy t a ’s ir e tu v c h i m o d d a a n a s h u ekan. Q o n d a g i va b iologik su y u q lik lard a k u ch li va k u c h siz ele k tro litla r b o rlig i u c h u n u la rd a p H d o im iy u s h la b tu rila d i. B u n in g s a b a b i b io lo g ik su y u q lik la rd a N a 2 H P 0 4, N a H 2 P 0 4, H 2 C 0 3, N a H C 0 3 va b o s h q a la m in g borligidir. T irik o rg a n iz m y a s h a s h i u c h u n e n e rg iy a k e ra k . O d a m o 'z ig a k e ra k b o 'la d ig a n e n e rg iy a n i o z iq m o d d a la r n in g b o s q ic h li g id r o liz la n is h j a r a y o n id a o la d i. A y n iq sa o q s illa r, y o g 'la r , u g le v o d la r, m u ra k k a b efirla r, p e p tid la r, g lu k o z id la r g id ro liz id a a n c h a m iq d o rd a e n e rg iy a ajralad i. B io k im y o v iy ja r a y o n la r d a g id ro liz n in g a h a m iy a ti b e q iy o s d ir. P o lis a x a rid la r v a d is a x a rid la rn in g o 'z la s h tir ilis h i s a b a b i u la r n in g f e r m e n tla r t a ’s irid a m o n o s a x a r id la r g a t o 'l a g i d r o liz la n is h id ir . S h u n in g d e k , o q s illa r va lip id la r h a m t o 'l a g id ro liz la n g a n d a n s o 'n g o 'z la sh tirila d i. 7-bobga oid savol va masalalar 1.
Quyidagi gaz m odda yoki ch o 'k m a hosil bo'lishi bilan boradigan reaksiyalarning m olekular, ionli va qisqartirilgan ionli ten g lam alarin i yozing: a) P b ( N 0 3), + KJ = f) C a C 0 3 + H C I = b) N iC l2 + H 2S = g) N a 2S 0 3 + H 2S 0 4 = d) K
j C O
j + H C I = h) A lB r3 + A g N 0 3 = e) C u S 0 4 + N a O H = i) ВаСҚ + N a 2S 0 4 =
2. Quyidagi kam dissotsialanadigan m o d d a hosil bo'lishi b ilan b o ra digan reaksiyalarning m olekular va ionli tenglam alarini yozing: a) N a 2S + H 2S 0 4 = e) N H 4C1 + C a (O H )2 = b) F eS + H C I = f) N a O C l + H N 0 3 = d) H C O O K + H N 0 3 = g) N a C N + H C I = 3. Q u y id a g i n e y tra lla n is h re a k s iy a la rin in g m o le k u la r, io n li tenglam alarini yozing. a) H C I + B a(O H )2 = g) C H 3C O O H + N H 4O H = b ) H F + K O H = d) H N O , + N H 4O H = d) F e (O H )3 + H N 0 3 = e) H 2S + N H 4O H =
gidrolizining m olekular, ionli va qisqartirilgan ionli tenglam alarini yozing ham da eritm a m uhitini ko'rsating: a) N a C N , C H 3C O O K , C a(C 1 0 2)2, B a C 0 3, K , C 0 3; b) Sr3( P 0 4)2, N a 4P 20 7, K2M n 0 4, N a 2C r 20 7; d) B a C r0 4, N a N 0 2, K H C O O , C aS , S r ( N 0 2)2; e) C a 3(A s0 4)2, B a (C N )2,' R b2C r 0 4, K S C N 5. Quyidagi kuchsiz asos va kuchli k islotadan hosil b o 'lg an tu zlar gidrolizining m olekular, ionli va qisqartirilgan ionli tenglam alarini yozing ham da eritm a m uhitini ko'rsating: a) N H 4C1, Z n S 0 4, P b ( N 0 3)2, F e C l3, ( N H 4) , S 0 4; b) C u S 0 4, A12( S 0 4)3, M n C l2, Z n ( N 0 3),; d) (N H 4)2S 0 4, C o C 12, F e S 0 4, C r ,( S 0 4) 3, H g C l2; e) N H 4N 0 3, N iC l2, A 1 ( N 0 3)3, M n S 0 4, S n C l2 6. Q uyidagi kuchsiz asos va kuchsiz kislo tadan hosil b o 'lg a n tuzlar gidrolizining m olekular va ionli tenglam alarini yozing: a) (N H 4)2C 0 3, C u S0 3, P b (C H 3C O O )„ N H 4H C O O ; b) (N H 4)2S, C u (C H 3C O O )2, Z n (C N )2‘, A1,S3; d) C r2S3, (N H 4) 2S 0 3, A l(C H 3C O O )3, N H 4C N ; e) N H 4C H 3C O O , F e ( N 0 3)2, Z n S 0 3, ( N H 4) 3P 0 4 7. 0,01 M a m m o n iy x lo rid e r itm a s id a u n i n g g id ro liz la n is h k o n sta n ta sin i, gidro lizlan ish darajasini va e ritm a n in g p H ni hisoblang. (K (N H 4O H ) = 1,8-1 0 5). {Javob: К = 5,6-10-10; h = 2 ,4 -lfr4; pH = 5,63). 8. N a2C 0 3 gidrolizining faqat 1- bosqichini hisobga olgan holda uning 0,02 n eritm asining p H hisoblang. (H 2C 0 3 K, = 4 ,5 -IO-7; = 4,7-10'"). {Javob: 11,66).
9. N a H 2P 0 4 e ritm a s in in g m u h iti k u c h siz k islo ta li, N a 3P 0 4 eritm asining m uhiti esa kuchli ishqoriy b o ‘ladi. Bu dalillam i tushuntiring vajavobingizni tegishli m olekular va ionli tenglam alar bilan asoslang.
eritm asi esa kuchsiz kislotali m uh it hosil qiladi? (H 2S 0 3; K, = 1,6- I O2; = 6,3- 10 s). 11. Quyidagi reaksiyalarning m olekular va ionli tenglam alarini tuzing: a) N a H C 0 3 + HCI = b) F e C l3 + K O H = d) P b (C H 3C 0 0 ) 2 + N a 2S = e) KHS + H 2S 0 4 = 0 Z n ( N 0 3)2 + K O H (o rtiq ch a m iqdor) = g) C a(O H )2 + C 0 2 = h) C a (O H )2 + C 0 2 (ortiqcha m iqdor) =
b o 'lad i? K C N , N H .C l, K S O „ N a N O ,, F e C l„ N a ,C O „ N a ,S 0 4. > 4
2 3 ’
J ’ j
2 j
2 4 Javobingizni asoslang. 13. C r ( N 0 3)3 va N ajS eritmalarini aralashtiiganda xrom (III) gidroksid cho'km aga tushgan va gaz m odda ajralib chiqqan. Reaksiyaning m olekular va ionli tenglam alarini tuzing.
A g J i + N a C l -> A g C U + N aJ a) o 'n g g a ; b) chapga. Javobingizni asoslang. 15. F eC l3 eritm asiga quyidagi m oddalarning qaysi birini q o'shg and a gidroliz kuchayadi? a) HCI; b )N aO H ; d )Z n C l2; e) N a ,C 0 3; f) N H 4C1; g) Z n; h) H 20
16. Kaliy sulfid k o 'p ro q gidrolizlanadim i yoki alum iniy sulfidm i? Javobingizni gidroliz tenglam alarini yozib asoslang. 17. N a C N va N H 4C N larn in g 0,1 M eritm alarid a g i gidroliz konstantalarini, gidroliz darajalarini va eritmalarning pH hisoblang. {Javob: N a C N - K = 2- IO5; h = 1,42%; pH = 11,15; N H 4C N —Kg = 1; h = 90%; p H = 13). 18. N a 2S va C r2( S 0 4)3 eritm alarini q o 'sh g an d a ketadigan gidroliz tenglamasining molekula va ion ko'rinishida yozing. 19. Quyidagi tuz eritm alari qanday m uhit beradi? M n C l2, K ,C 0 3, N i( N 0 3)2. Bu tuzlarning gidrolizi tenglam asini va ion ko'rinishida yozing. 20. N H 4C1 gidrolizini m olekular va ion tenglam asini tuzib, g id ro lizlanish konstantasini hisoblang. 21. C H 3C O O N H 4 ning gidrolizini molekula va ion tenglamasini yozing va Kg ni hisoblang. 22. K onsentratsiyasi 0,5 M b o ‘lgan Z n C l2 ning 1-bosqichdagi gidrolizlanish darajasini hisoblang. 23. N a 2C 0 3 ning gidrolizlanish tenglam asini m o lek u la va ion ko'rinishida yozing. Ka ni hisoblang. 24. K ,P 0 4 ning gidrolizlanish tenglamasini molekula va ion ko'rinishida yozib, Kg ni hisoblang. 25. N a H 2P 0 4 ning gidrolizlanish tenglam asini m olekula va ion k o 'rin ish id a yozib, Kg ni hisoblang. 26. C u S 0 4 ning gidrolizlanish tenglamasini molekula va ion ko'rinishida yozib, К ni hisoblang. 27. K 2C 0 3 va A12( S 0 4)3 eritm asini q o 'sh g a n d a ketadigan gidroliz tenglam asini molekula va ion ko'rinishida yozing. 8- bob. O K S ID L A N IS H -Q A Y T A R IL IS H REAKSIYA LARI O k s id la n is h - q a y ta rilis h re a k s iy a la ri ta b ia td a k e n g ta rq a lg a n b o 'l i b u la rg a n a fa s o lis h , o k s id la n is h , fo to s in te z k ab i re a k s iy a la rn i o lish m u m k in . A n a litik k im y o d a k en g q o 'lla n ila d ig a n o k s id o m e triy a o k s id la n is h -q a y ta rilis h re a k siy a la rig a a s o s la n g a n b o 'lib , e ritm a d a g i o k s id lo v c h i v a q a y ta r u v c h ila rn in g m iq d o r in i h a jm iy a n a liz b ila n a n iq la s h u s u lid ir. O k sid o m e triy a fa rm a tsiy a d a , b io lo g ik k im y o d a , tib b iiy v a k lin ik te k s h ir u v la r d a , m a s a la n , C u 2+, K + io n la r i k o n s e n tr a ts iy a s in i, a s e to n , g id r o x in o n , a n tip ir in , a s k o r b in k is lo ta n i, fe r m e n tla r d a n k a ta la z a p e ro k s id in i a n iq la s h d a k e n g q o 'lla n ila d i. B a rc h a k im y o v iy re ak siy alarn i ikk ig a b o 'lis h m u m k in . B irin c h i xil re a k siy a la rd a ja r a y o n d a is h tiro k e ta y o tg a n m o d d a la r ta rk ib id a g i e le m e n tla r n in g o k s id la n is h d a ra ja si o 'z g a r m a y q o la d i. M a s a la n , n e y t r a l l a n i s h re a k s iy a s i, a l m a s h i n i s h , b a ’z i p a r c h a l a n i s h v a b irik is h re a k s iy a la rin i o lis h m u m k in : H C I + N a O H = N a C l + H 20 M g C 0 3 = M gO + C 0 2 t C a C l2 + K 2C O 3= 2KC1 + C aC O 3I S 0 3+ H 20 = H 2S 0 4 I k k in c h i xil re a k s iy a la rd a b ir y o k i b ir n e c h a e le m e n tla r n in g o k s id la n is h d a ra ja si o 'z g a ra d i: 0 +1 -1
+ 2-1 0 Z n + 2 H C 1 = Z n C l2 + H 2 0 + 6
+ 2 + 6 +4
C u + H 2S 0 4 = C u S 0 4 2 + S 0 2 + H 20 Y u q o rid a g i m is o lla rd a (n e y tr a lla n is h , a lm a s h in is h , p a r c h a l a n i s h ) e le m e n tl a r n i n g o k s i d l a n i s h d a r a ja s i o 'z g a r m a g a n e d i. Ik k in c h i xil re ak siy alard a b o 'ls a e le m e n tla rn in g o k sid lan ish darajasi, m a s a la n Z n ° d a n Z n + 2
g a o 'z g a r d i .C u ” d a n + 2 g a , o ltin g u g u r t b o 'ls a + 6
E le m e n tla rn in g o k s id la n is h d arajasi o 'z g a ris h i b ila n b o ra d ig a n reak siy alarg a o k sid la n is h -q a y ta rilis h re ak siy alari d eyilad i. O k s id la n is h d a ra ja s i a to m n in g m o le k u la d a g i s h a rtli z a ry a d i b o 'lib , u m o le k u la h o s il q ilis h d a a to m n e c h ta e le k tro n b e rg a n i y o k i o l g a n i n i k o 'r s a t a d i . O k s id la n is h d a r a ja s i u m u m la s h g a n e le k tro n ju f tn in g e le k to m a n fiy lig i k a tta r o q e le m e n t a to m i to m o n siljish i tu fay li v u ju d g a k elad i. E le k tro n ju f tn i o 'z to m o n ig a siljitg an e le m e n t a to m i m a n fiy o k s id la n is h d a ra ja s ig a , o 'z in in g e le k tro n ju f tin i b e ra y o tg a n e le m e n t a to m i e sa m u s b a t o k sid la n ish d a ra ja sig a eg a b o 'la d i. O k s id la n is h d a ra ja si m u s b a t, m a n fiy y o k i n o lg a te n g b o 'lis h i m u m k in . B a ’z a n k a s r o k s id la n is h d a ra ja s ig a e g a b o 'lg a n e le m e n tla r h a m u c h ra y d i. B a rc h a o d d iy m o d d a la r u c h u n o k s id la n is h d arajasi n o lg a te n g . P°, C l2°, H 2°, C °, Ai°, C r° va h o k a z o . V o d o r o d n in g b irik m a la rd a g i o k s id la n is h d a ra ja s i + 1 g a te n g . F a q a t m e ta ll g id rid la rid a v o d o r o d n in g o k s id la n is h d a ra ja si - l g a te n g ( К +,Н Л C a + 2 H ‘, A1+ 3 H 3 ').
K is lo ro d n in g o k s id la n is h d a ra ja si k o 'p c h ilik b irik m a la rd a -2 b o 'la d i: H 20 2, P b 0 2 2, H N 0 3 2, K M n O / 2 va h o k a z o . F a q a t p e r - o k s id la rd a k is lo ro d n in g o k s id la n is h d a ra ja si -1 g a te n g : H 2 0 2~', N a 2 0 2 ‘, B a 0 2 1
O F 2 d a k is lo ro d n in g o k s id la n is h d a ra ja s i + 2 ga te n g b o 'la d i. M e ta lla r n in g o k s id la n is h d a ra ja si h a r d o im m u s b a t v a o d a td a s o n j i h a td a n m e ta lln in g v a le n tlig ig a te n g : N a +l 2 S 0 4, C a + 2 ( N 0 3) 2, A1+ 3 2
( S 0 4 ) 3
v a b o s h q a la r. A g a r m u ra k k a b m o d d a ik k ita e le m e n td a n tash k il to p g a n b o ‘lsa, b u e le m e n tla r n in g o k s id la n is h d a ra ja s i v a le n tlik k a te n g , le k in u « + » y o k i «— » is h o ra g a eg a b o ‘la d i. M a s a la n , H +C1_ , H 2+S 2, S+ 6 0 3' 2, M n 2 + 7 0 / 2 v a b o s q a la r. M u ra k k a b m o d d a n i ta s h k il e tg a n a to m la r n in g o k s id la n is h d arajalari y ig 'in d isi n o lg a ten g . M a s a la n , H 2 +,S + 6 0 4 ' 2 = + 2 + 6 - 4 x 2 = + 8 - 8 = 0 ; H 3 P 0 4 d a fo s fo rn in g o k s id la n is h d a ra ja s i + 5 ; H +1, O '2. V o d o r o d v a k is lo ro d n in g o k s id la n is h d a ra ja la ri y ig 'in d is id a n o k s id la n is h d a ra ja s i n o m a ’lu m e le m e n t to p ila d i. H M n 0 4; H + 1 , 0 - 8 ; + 1 - 8 = — 7; + 7 m a rg a n e s n in g o k s id la n is h d a r a ja s in i k o 'r s a ta d i. M u ra k k a b io n la r d a a to m la r o k s id la n is h d a r a ja la rin in g y i g 'i n - d isi io n z a ry a d ig a ten g : N H 4
4 - ( + 7 - 8 = - l ) , C r 2 0
' ( + 12— 14 = - 2 ) , S 0
4 2 ‘( + 6 —
8 = —2 ), P 0 4 3 ' ( + 5 - 8 = - 3 ) v a h o k a z o . B ir e le m e n tn in g o k s id la n is h d a r a ja s in in g q iy m a ti b i r n e c h ta b o 'lis h i m u m k in . H 2 S, S , S 0 2, S 0 3, H 2 S 0 3, H 2 S 0
4 d a g i o ltin - g u g u rtn in g o k s id la n is h d a ra ja s i -2 , O , + 4 , + 6 , + 4 v a + 6 g a te n g . U la rn in g ic h id a en g k ich ik o ksid lan ish darajasiga eg a b o 'lg a n e le m e n t b irik m a s i ( H 2 S ) q a y ta r u v c h i va e n g y u q o ri o k s id la n is h d a ra ja s ig a eg a b o 'l g a n e le m e n t b irik m a s i ( S 0 3, H 2 S 0 4) o k sid lo v c h i b o 'la d i. N H 3, N 2, N 2 0 , N O , N 2 0 3, N 0 2, N 2 0 5, H N 0 2 v a H N 0 3 b irik m a la rd a g i a z o tn in g o k s id la n is h d a ra g a si — 3, O , + 1 , +
2 , + 3 , + 4 , + 5 , + 3 v a + 5 g a te n g . B u b ir ik m a la r d a n — 3 o k s id la n is h d arajasig a ega b o 'lg a n b irik m a ( N H 3) q a y ta ru v c h i v a + 5 o k sid la n ish d a ra ja s ig a e g a b o 'lg a n b irik m a ( H N 0 3, N 2 0 5) o k s id lo v c h ila rd ir. B a ’zi b ir b irik m a la r, m a s a la n , F e 3 0 4 d a k is lo ro d n in g o k s id la n is h d a ra ja s i — 2, le k in F e u c h u n b u n d a y h is o b la s h k a s r s o n + 8
— g a teng. O rg a n ik b irik m a la rd a h a m o k s id la n is h d a ra ja sin i to p is h a n c h a q iy in ro q h is o b la n a d i. M a s a la n , C H 3C O O H d a C 3 va C + 3 ga ten g . C H 3
2 — C H
2 — C H
3 b i r i k m a d a u g l e r o d a t o m l a r i n i n g o k s id la n is h d a r a ja s i — 3, — 2 , — 2 , — 3 g a te n g . 1. A g a r a to m -m o le k u la yoki io n o ‘z id a n e le k tro n bensa, b u n d a y re k s iy a la r o k s id la n is h re a k s iy a la ri d e y ilib , s h u ja r a y o n d a is h tir o k e tg a n z a r r a c h a la r q a y ta r u v c h ila rg a k ira d i. B u n d a y ja r a y o n d a ay n i e le m e n tn in g o k s id la n is h d a ra ja si o rta d i: Al° - 3e -» A T 3 N~3 - 8e N +5 2C1 _I- 2 e -> Cl 2 0 H 2 -2 e -> 2 H +1 M n +2 - 5e -» M n +7 F e +2- I e -> F e +3 C r +3-3 e -» C r +6 S-2 - 8e -> S +6 2. A g a r a t o m , m o le k u la , y o k i io n o ‘z ig a e le k tro n q a b u l q ilsa b u n d a y j a r a y o n q a y ta r ilis h d e y ila d i. B u n d a ay n i z a r r a c h a n in g o k s id la n is h d a r a ja s i k a m a y a d i. S h u a to m , m o le k u la y o k i io n o k sid lo v c h i d e y ila d i. C l2° + 2e -> 2C1 - 1 2 H +1+2e -> H 2 0 M n +7 + 5e M n +2 F e +3+ l e F e +2 C r +6+6e C r +3
S +6+ 8 e - > S ’2 S °+ 2e ->• S “2 N +5+8e -> N “3 3.
O k s id la n is h -q a y ta rilis h re a k siy a la ri b ir p a y tn in g o ‘z id a s o d ir b o ‘la d i. Download 5.87 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
|