Anorganik kimyo
Kislotalar Kislota qoldig'i
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- NaHSO, KHS0 4 NaH
- Natriy gidrokarbonat Kaliy gidrosulfid Natriy gidrosulfit Kaliy gidrosulfat Natriy digidrofosfat
- Asoslar Qoldig‘i Asosli tuz Asosli tuzning nomlanishi Mg(OH )2 MgOH+
- Al(OH)3 A1(0H)2+ AI(0H) 2 N0
- (Mg0H) 3 P0
- Kompleks birikma Men+ Ligand Koor. son Ichki sfera Tashqi
- [Fe(CO)s] Fe° CO 5 [Fe(CO)5]
Kislotalar Kislota qoldig'i Nordon tuzlar Tuzlarning nomlanishi H,C0 3
H 2
H,S0 4
3
4
HC0 3
HS 03
HS04- H 2
HP043" H 3
2
2
NaHCO, NaHS NaHSO, KHS0 4
2
4
4
3
2
7
2
2
7
KOH + H
2 S(mo‘l) = KHS + H ,0 ; KHS + KOH = K 2S + H 20 NaO H + H 2 S 0 4 (m cn) = N a H S 0 4 + H
2 0 ;
N a H S 0 4 + NaO H = N a 2 S 0
4 +H 2 0 ; C a(O H
) 2 + 2H
3 P 0
4 (m o‘l) = C a(H 2 P 0
4 ) 2 + 2H
2 0;
C a(H 2 P 0 4 ) 2 + C a(O H ) 2 = 2 C a H P 0 4 +2H
2 0 ;
2 C a H P 0 4 + C a (0 H ) 2 = C a
3 ( P 0
4 ) 2 + 2H 20 KOH + H 4
2 0 7 (m o‘l) = K H 3 P 2 0 7 + H 2 0 ; K H 3 P 2 0 7 + KOH = K 2 H 2 P 2 0 7 + H 2 0 ;
K 2 H 2 P 2 0 7 + KOH = K 3 HP 2 0 7 + H20 K 3 HP 2 0 7 + KOH = K 4 P 2 0 7 + H 20 K o ‘p asosli k islo talarn in g o ‘rta tu zlarig a sh u k islo tala rn in g o ‘zini q o 'sh ish orqali h a m n o rd o n tu z la r o lish m u m k in . M asalan: K 3 P 0 4 + HCI = K 2 H P 0
4 +H 2 0 ; K 2 H P 0 4 + HCI = K H 2 P 0
4 + H
2 0 ;
K H 2 P 0 4 +HC1 = H 3 P 0
4 + H
2 0 ;
N a 2 S 0 4 + H
2 S 0 4= 2 N a H S 0 4; N a 2
3 + C 0
2 + H 20 = 2 N a H C 0 3 ; C a 3
4 ) 2 + H 3 P 0 4 = 3 C a H P 0 4; C a H P 0 4 + H 3 P 0 4= C a (H 2 P 0
4 ) 2 K o ‘p asosli kislotalarning o 'rta tu zlarig a kuchli kislota (H 2 S 0 4)
t a ’s ir e tg a n d a h a m n o rd o n tu z hosil b o ‘ladi: C a
3 ( P 0
4 ) 2 + H
2 S 0
4 = 2 C a H P 0 4 + C aS 0 4; 2 C a H P 0 4 + H 2 S 0
4 = C a(H 2 P 0
4 ) 2 + C a S 0 4; C a(H 2
4 ) 2 + H
2 S 0
4 = 2H
3 P 0
4 + C a S 0 4 N o rd o n tu z la r asoslarga kislotali o k sid la rn in g t a ’sirid a h a m h osil b o 'lad i: C 0
2 + N aO H = N a H C 0 3; K O H + S 0 2 = K H S 0 3 A sosli tu z la r. B u n d a y tu z la r ta rk ib id a m etall a to m i, gidroksil guruhi va kislota qoldig'i b o'lad i. Asosli tu z la r b ir kislotali asoslardan h o sil b o 'lm a y d i. B u n d a y tu z la r q u y id a g i a s o s la rd a n o lin ish i m u m k in (7 -jadv al).
Asosli tuzlar hosil qiladigan asoslarning qoldiqlari Asoslar Qoldig‘i Asosli tuz Asosli tuzning nomlanishi Mg(OH )2
MgOHCl magniygidrokso xlorid Cu(OH )2
CuOHNO, misgidrokso (II) nitrat Al(OH)3 A1(0H)2+ AI(0H) 2
3
3)3
aluminiygidrokso nitrat 0(014), Cr(OH>2+ Cr(0H) 2
3
3)2
xromgrokso (III) nitrat Al(OH), Al(OH)2+ [A1(0H)J 2
4
2
4
)2
(Mg0H) 3
4
D isso tsilan ish i. B u n d ay tu zla rn in g disso tsilan ishi bosqichli borib, m etall k a tio n la ri, gidroksil a n io n i va kislota q o ld ig 'i a n io n i hosil b o 'lad i: CuO HCl
C u O H ++ C P ; CuO H +<-> С и 2 ++ О Ы ; (CuO H )2SO 4 o 2 C u 0 H ++ S 0 4 2_; CuOH C u 2 ++ O H ~ ; [AI(OH ) 2 ] 2
S 0 4 <-> 2A1(0H ) 2 ++ S 0
4 2- ;
A l(OH ) 2
Д Ю Н Н О Й " ; А10Н 2+<-> A l 3 ++OH ~; AIOHSO 4
A 10H 2 ++ S 0 4 2' ; AlOH 2 + Al 3++OH ' ; (A10H) 3 ( P 0 4 ) 2 <->ЗАЮН 2 ++ 2 Р 0 4 2' ; AlOH 2+<-> Al 3 ++ O H “
O lin is h i. K u c h s iz va k o ‘p n e g iz li a so sla rg a k u c h li k is lo ta la r t a ’s ir e ttirila d i v a b u re a k siy a la rd a a so sla r m o ‘l m iq d o rd a olin adi: 2C u(O H
) 2 (mo‘l) + H 2 S 0
4 = (C u 0 H ) 2 S 0
4 +2H
2 0 ;
(C u 0 H ) 2 S 0 4 + H
2 S 0
4 = 2 C u S 0 4 +2H
2 0 ;
M g(OH) 2 (mo‘l) + HCI = MgOHCl + H 2 0 ;
MgOHCl + HCI = MgCI 2 + H 2 0 ;
Al(OH) 3 (m o‘l) + HCI = Al(OH)2Cl + H 2 0 ;
A1(0H) 2 C1 + HCI = A 10H C l 2 +H 2 0 ; A10HC1
2 + HCI = AICI 3 + H 20 2Fe(O H ) 3 (m o‘l) + H 2 S 0
4 = [Fe(O H ) 2
S 0 4 + 2H 2 0 ;
[Fe(O H ) 2
] 2
S 0 4 + H 2 S 0
4 = 2 F e 0 H S 0 4 + 2H
2 0 ;
2 F e 0 H S 0 4 + H 2 S 0
4 = Fe
2 (S 0
4 ) 3 + 2H 20 K o‘p kislotali asoslarning o ‘rta tuzlariga ishqor eritm alari ta ’sir e ttirib asosli tu z la r olinishi m u m k in : A1C1 3
2 + H
2 0 ;
A10HC1 2 + NaO H = A 1(0H ) 2 C1 + H
2 0 ;
Al(OH)2Cl + NaO H = A l(O H ) 3
+ H 20 Q o ‘sh tu z la r. Q o ‘sh tu z la r o 'z ta rk ib id a b ir p a y tn in g o 'z id a ikkita h a r xil m eta ll k atio n i u sh lab tu ra d i. Q o ‘s h a lo q tu z la r k o 'p a so sli k is lo ta la rd a g i v o d o r o d a to m la r in i h a r xil m e ta lla rg a a lm a sh in ish i tufay li hosil b o 'la d i: H 2
4 -> N a K S 0 4; H 3 P 0
4 -> N a K L iP 0 4; H 2 S 0
4 -> K C r(S 0 4 ) 2 Q o 's h tu z la r d isso tsila n ish id a turli m eta ll k a tio n la ri va k islota q o ld ig 'i a n io n i h osil b o 'lad i: N a K S 0 4 <-> N a ++ K ++ S 0 4 2" ;
N a K L iP 0 4
N a ++K + + L i++ P 0 4 3~ ; K C r(S 0 4 ) 2
K ++ C r
3 ++ 2 S 0 4 2- O lin ish i. K o 'p asosli k islo talarg a turli a so sla r b o sq ich li t a ’sir etish i kerak: N aO H + H 2 S 0 4 = N a H S 0 4 + H
2 0 ;
N a H S 0 4 + KOH = N a K S 0 4 + H
2 0 ;
N aO H + H 3 P 0 4 = N aH 2 P 0
4 + H
2 0 ;
N a H 2 P 0 4 + KOH = N a K H P 0 4 + H
2 0 ;
N a K H P 0 4 + LiOH = N a K L iP 0 4 + H 20
K om pleks b irik m a la r. T a rk ib id a k o m p lek s hosil qiluvchi va lig a n d la r tu tg a n m o d d a la r ko m plek s b irik m a la r deyiladi. E ritm a d a e rig a n d a kom p leks k a tio n , a n io n yoki neytral z a rra c h a la r h o sil q ila d ig a n m u ra k k a b m o d d a la r kom p leks b irikm alarg a kiradi. K o m p lek s b irik m a la r tu zilish in in g o 'z ig a xos to m o n la ri m a v ju d : 1. K o m p lek s b irik m a la r m o le k u la sin in g m a rk a z id a m eta ll k a tio n i yoki a to m i jo y lash g an b o 'lib ( 8 -jad v al) u k o m p lek s h o sil q iluv chi ion deyilad i. 2. K o m p lek s h o sil qiluvchi b ila n b e v o sita b o g 'la n g a n qutbli neytral m olekulalar ( N H 3, H 2 0 , C O , N O ) yoki a n io n la r ( S 0 42-; N 0 3- ; C 0 32'; C N ~ ; C l- ; O H - ) lig a n d la r d e b a talad i. 3. K o m p le k s h o sil q ilu v c h i io n la r u s h la b tu rg a n n e y tra l m o le k u la la r va io n la r so n i k o o rd in a tsio n so n deyiladi.
4. K o m p leks hosil qiluvchi ion va lig an d lar ichki sferani hosil qiladi h am d a o ‘rta qavsga olib yoziladi. 5. Ich ki sferaga k irm a g an io n la r tash q i sferani hosil qiladi. Ichki sferaning zaryadi lig and n in g turiga q arab m u sb at, m an fiy va h a tto neytral b o 'lish i m u m k in . K om pleks b irik m alard a ichki sfera zaryadiga k o ‘ra u lar u ch xil tuiga bo'linadi. K ation, an io n va neytral kom pleks birikmalar. K ation kom pleks birikm alarga m isollar: [C u(N H 3 ) 2 ]C1;
[C r(H 2 0 ) 6 ]C l3;
[Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ]Cl;
[C u (N H 3 ) 4 ] S 0 4; [Fe(N H 3
6 ]C l3;
[C u(H 2 0 ) 4 ] S 0
4 Ichki sfera zaryadi m an fiy b o 'ls a an io n kom pleks birikm alar: N a[A g(C N )2] K 3 [C r(O H )6] K 3 [Fe(C N )6] K 2 [C u(C N )4] K 2 [Zn(O H )4] K 4 [Fe(CN)6] F a q a t ich ki sferad an ib o ra t neytral k o m p lek slar b irik m a la r h a m bor: [P t(N H
3 ) 2 C l2] [Fc(N H
3 ) 3 C l3]; [C r(H
2 0 )
3 C l3]
[Fe(CO)5] 8- jadval B a ’zi k om pek s b irik m alarn in g tark ib i Kompleks birikma Men+ Ligand Koor. son Ichki sfera Tashqi sfera [Cu(NH 3
Cu2+ NH 3
[Cu(NH 3
so42- [Cr(H 2
3
6
2
4
Fe2+ CN' 6
Na 3
Al3+ OH- 6
Na+ [Pt(NH 3
pt 2
NH3, Cl- 4 [Pt(NH,),Cl3] - [Fe(CO)s] Fe° CO 5 [Fe(CO)5] - M e l1+ k o m p le k s h o s il q ilu v c h i e le m e n t K o m plek s b irik m a la r bosqichli d isso tsila n ad i. B irin c h i g a ld a io n la n ish ich k i va ta sh q i sferaga ajralish b ila n b o rad i. K e y in esa ichki sfera d issotsilanadi: [C u (N H 3 )
]C1 * * [C u (N H 3)2] ++ C r [C u (N H 3)2] +-e* C u 2 ++ 2 N H
3 K 3 [Fe(C N )6] о 3 K ++ [F e(C N )6]3- [Fe(C N )6] 3-<->Fe34 6 C N ~ [C r(H 2
6 ]C l
3 ** [C r(H 2 0 ) 6] 3++ ЗС Г [C r(H 2 0 ) 6] 3+ «-> С г 3 т +6Н 20
K o m p leks b irik m a la m in g hosil b o 'lis h id a c h o 'k m a n in g e rib k e tish i, ran g o 'z g a ris h i yoki y a n g id a n c h o 'k m a h o sil b o 'lis h i kuzatiladi: AgCl i + 2 N H 3 = [A g(N H 3 ) 2 ]Cl; C u (C N
) 2 + 2KCN = K 2 [C u(C N )4]; Ag2S i +4N aCN = 2Na [Ag(CN ) 2
] + N a 2 S; C u S 0 4 I + 4N H 4OH = [C u(N H 3 ) 4 ] S 0 4 + 4 H 2 0 ; I
2 + K I = K [I3]; Z n (O H ) 2
I +2KOH = K 2 [Z n(O H )4]; A l(O H ) 3
I +3K 0H = K 3 [A l(O H )6] K om pleks b irik m a la m in g n o m la n ish i va g e o m e trik tu zilish ig a keyinchalik a lo h id a to 'x talin ad i. 3 - bob g a oid savol va m a s a la la r 1. Quyidagi kislotalarga mos keladigan oksidlarning formulasini yozing: H 2
2 S 0 4; H N 0 3; Н 4 Р
0 7; НСЮ 4; H 2 M n 0 4; H 3 A s0 4; H 4 Sb
0 7 2. Quyidagi gidroksidlarga mos keladigan oksidlarning form ulasini yozing: C r(O H )3; C u(O H )2; C o(O H )2; M n(O H )4; Fe(O H ), 3. Quyidagi o ‘tish reaksiya tenglamalarini yozing: Ba -> BaO -> BaCl 2 -> B a (N 0 3 ) 2 —> B aS 0 4 Mg -» M g S 0 4 -» M g(O H ) 2 -> MgO -» MgCI, S -» S 0 2 -> H 2 S 0
3 -> N a
2 S 0
3 -» C a S 0 3 С -» C 0 2 -» H
2 C 0
3 C 0
2 —> N&
2 COj —> C a C 0 3 —> C 0
2 4. Quyidagi o‘tish uchun zarur bo'lgan reaksiya tenglamalarini yozing: Zn -> K^ZnOj S -» H
2 S 0
3 N H
3 -> H N 0 3
5. Quyidagi gazlarning qaysi biri ishqor eritmalari bilan reaksiyaga kirishadi: HCI, H 2
3 6 . Quyidagi kislotalarning qaysi birlari nordon tuz hosil qila oladi? H J, H 2 Se, H 2 S e 0 3, H 2 C r 0 4> C H 3COOH 7. Quyidagi moddalarning qaysi birlari natriy gidroksidi bilan reaksiyaga kirishadi? H N 0 3, CaO, C 0 2, C u S 0 4, C d(O H )2, P 2 Os 8 . Kislota va asosning o ‘zaro ta’sirlashuvi natijasida N a N 0 3, F^S, N aH S 0 4, N a 2 H P 0 4, Fe 2 (S 0
4 ) 3 laming hosil bo'lish reaksiya tenglamalarini yozing. 9. Karbonat va arsenit kislotalarning kaliyli va kalsiyli o'rta va nordon tuzlari formulalarini tuzing. 10. Quyidagi birikmalaming grafikaviy tasvirlanish formulalarini yozing: a) H 2
2 S i0 3, H,S, H 3 P 0 4, H P 0 3, H 4 P 2 0 7, H ,S 0 3, HNO"„ H M n 0 4; b) N a O H , C a (O H )2, A I(O H )3, M n (O H )4, C u (O H )2, K O H , C r(O H )3, Z n(O H )2, C d(O H )2, Bi(OH)3; b) N a H C 0 3, C a (H S 0 3)2, N a H 2 P 0 4, N a 2 H P 0 4> C a (H 2 P 0 4)2, N a H S 0 4, Ba(H 3 P 2 0 7)2, Ba 2 P ,0 7, BaH 2 P 2 0 7, Ba 3 (H P 2 0 7)2;
g) Fe(O H ),Cl, F e 0 H S 0 4, CuOHCl, (ZnO H ) 2 SO,, [A I(0H ) 2 ] 2 S 0 4, C r 0 H ( N 0 3)2, N i0 H N 0 3, (C u 0 H ),S 0 4, MgOHCl; d) C a S 0 4, C a 3 ( P 0 4)2, A1 2 (S 0 4)3, F e ( N 0 3")3, F e S 0 4, F e ,(S 0 4)3, Ca 2
2 0 7, K M n 0 4, K 2 M n 0 4, K 2 Cr 2 0 7 11. Quyidagi reaksiyalarda hosil bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan tuzlarning hammasini yozing: a) KOH + H 3 A s0
4 =
Ba(O H ) 2
+ H 4 P 2 0 7 = b) F e(O H ) 3 + H
2 S 0
4 =
C u(O H ) 2
+ H 2 S 0 4 =
c) N a 2 S 0 4 + H
2 S 0
4 = d) MgCI, + N aO H = 12. Quyidagi birikmalrning grafikaviy tasvirlanish form ulalarini yozing:
H N 0 2, H M n 0 4; b) N a O H , C a (O H )2, A l(O H )3, M n (O H )4, C u (O H )2, K O H , C r(O H )3, Z n(O H )2, C d (O H )2, Bi(O H )3; С а
2 Р 2 0 7, K M n 0 4, К ,М п 0 4, K 2 Cr 2 0 7.
4-bob. KIMYOVIY REAKSIYALARNING ENERGETIKASI VA Y O 'N A L ISH I 4 .1 .Kimyoviy re a k s iy a la rn in g e n erg etik asi B arch a kim yoviy jara y o n la r issiqlik chiqishi yoki yutilishi bilan r o 'y b e ra d i. K im y o v iy re a k s iy a la rd a a jra lib c h iq a d ig a n yoki y u tilad ig a n issiqlik m iq d o ri rea k siy an in g issiqlik effekti deyiladi. Issiqlik ch iq ish i b ila n b o ra d ig a n rea k siy ala r ek z o te rm ik ( Q > 0 , ДH < 0 ) , issiqlik yutilishi Q < 0 , A f f > 0 ) b ila n b o ra d ig a n rea k siy alar e n d o te rm ik reaksiy alar d ey ilad i. R eaksiyalarning issiqlik effektlarini o ‘iganadigan b o ‘lim term o - kim yo deyiladi. Issiqlik effekti k o ‘rsatilgan reaksiya tenglam alari term okim yoviy ten g la m a lar deb ataladi. R eaksiyaning issiqlik effekti m o d d alarn in g tabiatiga, agregat holatiga va sharoitga bog'liq. Reaksiyalarning issiqlik effektlari b ir xil sta n d a rt s h a ro itd a o 'rg a n ila d i. S ta n d a rt s h a ro it d e g a n d a 298 К (25°C ) h a ro ra t va 101,325 kPa bosim tushuniladi. Term okim yoviy tenglam alarda m oddalarning
agregat h o latla ri k o ‘rsatilib, b u n d a kasrli koeffitsiyentlarni h a m q o 'lla sh m u m k in : 2H 2
2 (g) = 2H 2 0(s) + 571,6kJ H 2 (g) + ± 0 2 (g) = H 2 0 (s) + 285,8kJ H 2 (g) + ^ O 2 (g) = H
2 O(g) + 241,0kJ N 2
2 (g) = 2N 0(g) - 180,5kJ I n 2
2 (g) = NO(g) - 90,25kJ T e rm o k im y o n in g asosi G .I.G e ss(1 8 4 1 -y .) q o n u n id a n ib o ra t b o 'lib , u q u y id ag ic h a t a ’riflanadi: reaksiyaning issiqlik effekti reaksiyada ishtirok etuvchi m o d d a larn in g b o s h la n g 'ic h va oxirgi h o la tla rig a g in a b o g 'liq b o 'lib , ja ra y o n n i qaysi u su ld a olib borishga b o g 'liq em as. M asalan : C(grafit) + 0 2 (g) = C 0 2 (g);AHj - -3 9 6 ,lkJ Bu jara y o n ikki b o sq ichda am alga oshirilishi m u m kin. U glerod g rafit h o la tid a n C O g a c h a oksid lan ish i va ik k in ch i b o sq ic h d a C O nin g C 0 2 g a c h a oksidlanishi: C(grafit) + i 0 2 (g) = C 0(g); ДН 2 = -110,5kJ C 0 (g ) + i 0 2 (g) = C 0 2 (g); ДН
3 = -2 8 5 ,5kJ Bu y erd a d astlabki va oxirgi m o d d a la rn in g h o latla ri b ir xil b o 'lg a n i u c h u n Download 5.87 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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