Creativity, Playfulness and Linguistic Carnivalization in James Joyce’s
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Creativity Playfulness and Linguistic Ca 4
weaseleyed, fourflushers, false alarms and excess baggage! Come on, you triple extract of
infamy! Alexander J Christ Dowie, that’s my name, that’s yanked to glory most half this planet from Frisco beach to Vladivostoa. All the italicized words in (2) were marked as misspelled since no hyphen is used, but this is surely a trivial aspect of the spelling, at least in these cases. Note, however, that the underlined words, especially winefizzling and ginsizzling were included as examples of neologisms (or at least very infrequent words, though booseguzzling is a questionable member of this category). Also, from another point of view, the listing of the attributes in (2) can been seen as poetic or creative, the echoing of sounds from one word to the next (–izzling x 3) and the repetitions of the -ing and -ed endings producing an artistic effect in itself. As a way of double-checking that the method had yielded a valid result, all the extracted neologisms in the text were checked in their particular context in Ulysses. When there was doubt as to whether a word should or should not be included, I consulted the Cambridge online dictionary and the Encyclopedia Britannica online – in extremely difficult or tricky cases, I also performed a simple Google search on the string in question, if the number of matches was very low, or if they only referred to the word as it is used in Ulysses, the word was retained in the study. 12 These methods are bound to miss some relevant examples – for example a creative use of a word could be missed because it is a homograph of a non-creative use. For example, the creative use of sausage in a string like ‘he was sausaged in an overcoat’ would be highlighted, but not in ‘you can’t sausage him in an overcoat’, since sausage is correctly spelled in the second sentence. Since this study is not aiming to account for every possible instance of linguistic creativity, the omission of some examples is inconsequential to the analysis. Consider now the three examples below: 3) a. O! Bow to the inevitable. Grin and bear it. I remain with much love your brokenhearted husband D B Murphy. b. Outside a shuttered pub a bunch of loiterers listen to a tale which their brokensnouted gaffer rasps out with raucous humour. Brokenhearted, because it is spelled is a single word without a hyphen, is rejected by the spell-check program, but this is hardly an item for closer examination here and it was excluded from the study; however the same compounding process is used for brokensnouted which, despite that fact that neither the words broken nor snout are ‘original’ the construction itself noteworthy. Also worth mentioning in this context are sentences such as the following: 4) To wash his soiled hands with a partially consumed tablet of Barrington's lemonflavoured soap, to which paper still adhered, (bought thirteen hours previously for fourpence and still unpaid for), in fresh cold neverchanging everchanging water and dry them, face and hands, in a long redbordered holland cloth passed over a wooden revolving roller. 5) a. – Of the twoheaded octopus, one of whose heads is the head upon which the ends of the world have forgotten to come while the other speaks with a Scotch accent. b. H. E. L. Y.'S filed before him, tallwhitehatted, past Tangier lane, plodding towards their goal. In (4) the words neverchanging and everchanging are used, though everchanging is a fairly common expression and is listed in the reference dictionaries (often with a hyphen); neverchanging, however, is not listed in the dictionaries and it produces a far more creative and striking impression, especially in juxtaposition with everchanging (partly because of the oppositeness of meaning, partly in the way the words echo each other in terms of pronunciation and spelling). In (5a), a very mundane participle adjective, twoheaded, is used, but in (5b) a similar word formation process is used to a much greater effect with the item tallwhitehatted. Consider also a similar comparison in the two examples in (6): 6) a. Paris: the wellpleased pleaser. b. – A few wellchosen words, Lenehan prefaced. Silence! Both words, wellchosen and wellpleased are modeled on the same pattern (well + past participle), but wellchosen (apart from the missing hyphen) is not remarkable in the least, whereas wellpleased certainly calls attention to itself, causing the reading to infer or decode its meaning. After the basic corpus procedures were carried out and the material was delimited and irrelevant items were excluded, I organized examples of creativity in Ulysses into meaningfully descriptive groupings. There are, however, many different ways to categorize and subcategorize the different varieties of linguistically interesting words/phrases in Ulysses. For example, in a similar study, Wu (2011) 13 divides the results into types of morphological processes like Conversions (verb and non-verb) and Compounds (Noun, Verb, Adjective and Jumbled). Though Wu’s disposition is certainly informative and it creates an interesting point of departure for the present work, the problem is that it prioritizes mechanical processes of word formation (e.g. derivation, blends, conversions, and so on) over the function and effect of the constructed words; this, to me, is a problem since there is no one to one correspondence with an effect like ‘defamiliarization’ and a particular word formation process (like for example blending or backformation); similarly, neologisms and unorthodox derivations may be used in different ways regardless of what process was involved in constructing the words. I have instead chosen to use the following, broader categories in order to capture commonalities between the different examples which could be lost in too fine-grained a classification. • Altered semiosis • Grammatical metaphor • Unorthodox spelling • Wordplay • Linguistic carnivalization These labels are not intended to be water-tight, discrete categories. There are some natural areas of overlap, most notably between altered semiosis and the rest of the group, since most of these characterizations imply some intended modification in the way in which a sign is understood. Wordplay too, cuts across categories since many instances of altered semiosis or grammatical metaphor depend on a pun or a coincidental similarity between words. 13 Wu, X. “The Poetics of Foregrounding: The Lexical Deviation in Ulysses”, Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 20011, 1(9). |
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