Creativity, Playfulness and Linguistic Carnivalization in James Joyce’s
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Creativity Playfulness and Linguistic Ca 4
contransmagnificandjewbangtantiality. Illstarred heresiarch' In a Greek watercloset he
breathed his last: euthanasia. The italicized ‘words’ in (7) are all evocative at the same time as they are semiotically open to various degrees. They all elicit connotations which are readily available to the reader, but we cannot fully complete the sense-making process since it is not possible to totally close the gap between Represenatamen and Object – in effect they create a type of unlimited semiosis 18 in which meanings slide into new meanings without a complete closure. The most natural formation process for this kind of altered semiosis in Ulysses seems to be blending (aka Portmanteau words) in which recognizable parts of existing words are cut up, manipulated and stitched together in unusual ways. In contrast, the neologisms in (8) produce a rather different effect: 17 Peirce, C. S., Collected Writings (8 Vols.), eds. Charles Hartshorne, Paul Weiss & Arthur W Burks, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931-58, vol. 2, p.172. 18 Unlimited semiosis is originally a term used by Peirce to discuss chains of association; a type of slipping from denotation to various connotations. Note that my usage of the term, while based on Peirce’s, is not exactly identical. 8) a. He smellsipped the cordial juice and, bidding his throat strongly to speed it, set his wineglass delicately down. b. Davy Byrne smiledyawnednodded all in one […] c. He took off his silk hat and, blowing out impatiently his bushy moustache, welshcombed his hair with raking fingers. d. Insects of the day spend their brief existence in reiterated coition, lured by the smell of the inferiorly pulchritudinous fumale possessing extendified pudendal nerve in dorsal region The relation between the sign-vehicles and referents here is not as unstable as it is with those in (7), they certainly create associations and connotations, but these seem to augment the meaning rather than cloud it. They may be combinations of a root morpheme plus derivational morphemes (as in extendified in 8d), but more often than not they tend to be simple compounds, two or more words yoked to each other to enhance meaning and create more vivid images: 9) a. A hackneycar, number three hundred and twentyfour, with a gallantbuttocked mare, driven by James Barton, Harmony Avenue, Donnybrook, trots past. b. In the cone of the searchlight behind the coalscuttle, ollave, holyeyed, the bearded figure of Mananaun Maclir broods, chin on knees. c. The ferreteyed porkbutcher folded the sausages he had snipped off with blotchy fingers, sausagepink. Sound meat there: like a stallfed heifer. d. “– But mind you don’t post yourself into the box, little man, he said.” Having heard these amusing words, “The boys sixeyed father Conmee and laughed.” e. Melting breast ointments (for Him! For Raoul!). Armpits' oniony sweat. Fishgluey slime […] A fairly recurrent and productive pattern for these constructions in Ulysses is premodifier + (past/present) participle, used mostly as premodifiers in a larger noun phrase (as in 9a –c), but also as a verb (as 9d). Most of these are derived from verbal participles, even if the participle stems from a ‘non-existent’ verb (i.e. eye is a possible verb, whereas buttock is not). Finally, there are constructed words in Ulysses whose component parts (or at least one component part) are not lexical words but rather function words like pronouns or determiners: 10) a. Both then were silent? // Silent, each contemplating the other in both mirrors of the reciprocal flesh of theirhisnothis fellow faces. 19 19 In order to save space and present examples more coherently, the // symbol is used to indicate where a line break would be in the original. b. Miss Douce chimed in in deep bronze laughter, shouting:// –And your other eye!// Bloowhose dark eye read Aaron Figatner's name. Why do I always think Figather? Gathering figs, I think. c. A man.//Bloowho went by by [sic] Moulang's pipes bearing in his breast the sweets of sin, by Wine's antiques, in memory bearing sweet sinful words, by Carroll's dusky battered plate, for Raoul. d. At four she. Winsomely she on Bloohimwhom smiled. Bloo smi qui go. Ternoon. Think you're the only pebble on the beach? Does that to all. e. Filled with his god he thrones, Buddh under plantain. Gulfer of souls, engulfer. Hesouls, shesouls, shoals of souls. Engulfed with wailing creecries, whirled, whirling, they bewail. f. And as no man knows the ubicity of his tumulus nor to what processes we shall thereby be ushered nor whether to Tophet or to Edenville in the like way is all hidden when we would backward see from what region of remoteness the whatness of our whoness hath fetched his whenceness. These items are problematic to categorize since the reference of pronouns is not fixed in the same way as lexical words; they are typically deictic and variable. If the compound is understood as having a literal meaning (with a semiosis more like a typical lexical word than a pronoun), it may take on a type of reference as in (10a), but this example is probably best understood as functioning rhetorically as a marker of alterity (a marker that emphasizes otherness through the articulation of two faces superimposed in a mirror). Examples (10b–d) are strikingly unusual – they are a combination of the main protagonist’s last name used as an antecedent in a relative construction in which the relative pronoun is merged with the head, the purpose of which is unclear. In (10e), the words hesouls and shesouls could have simply been expressed as ‘souls’ or perhaps even ‘male’ souls and ‘female souls’, but the use of the pronouns here is more likely motivated by their pronunciations, making the sentence trigger associations with the well-known tongue-twister she sells sea shells by the sea shore. Finally, the interrogative pronouns in (10f) are atypically given derivational endings which are normally used to convert adjectives into nouns (e.g. strange/strangeness; weak/weakness; hopeless/hopelessness, etc.), thus, for example, whatness is seen as a noun (a kind of entity) which expresses a property/quality/characteristic – the semiosis of the word is altered to create an unusual meaning+form semiosis. Whatness appears to express a basic concept, something like ‘essence’ (and whoness ‘identity’ and whenceness ‘origin’) – but the use of these forms is probably the result of several processes, not least of which is playfulness as well as the rhetorical ‘rule of three’. |
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