English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
Regular and irregular verbs
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- Activity A5.1 ✪ Activity A5.2
Regular and irregular verbs
There is an important distinction between ‘regular’ and ‘irregular’ verbs. Regular verbs have four forms; if the basic form is known, the other three can be predicted from it. These three are: the third person singular, which is formed by adding ❏ -s or -es to the basic form (see B2 for a discussion of person); ✪ Activity A5.1 ✪ Activity A5.2 30 I N T R O D U C T I O N the ❏ -ing participle, which is formed by adding -ing (and deleting silent e); the past tense and ❏ -ed participle, which have the same form, namely with the addition of -ed or -d. See the Website Reference A5.1 and A5.2 for the rules governing the spelling and pronunciation of regular verb forms. The table below shows the forms of one typical regular verb, like, with those of one irregular verb, know, as well as those for be, for comparison. Table A5.1.1 Forms of regular and irregular verbs REGULAR IRREGULAR ‘BE’ a) basic form: infinitive like know be present am, are b) 3rd person singular -s present likes knows is c) past liked knew was, were d) -ing participle liking knowing being e) -ed participle liked known been Irregular verbs have between three and five forms (and eight in the case of be). The third person singular and -ing participle are predictable, as with regular verbs. However, the forms of the past tense (usually) and -ed participle (always) are not predictable. This explains why we have to list three forms when trying to remember how to use irregular verbs. Here are a few examples: basic form past tense -ed participle see saw seen go went gone fly flew flown buy bought bought show showed shown (or showed) There are about 150 irregular verbs in English (more, if we count archaic forms). Some are them are rare (e.g. forsake, forsook, forsaken), but many of them are very common, such as those above. A list is given in the Website Reference section. There are a number of ways to make some sense out of this irregularity. If we divide up the verbs according to the differences between the basic form, past tense and -ed participle, there are five patterns: A. where all three forms are the same: put, put, put spread, spread, spread This occurs with some verbs ending in /d/ or /t/. B. where the base and the past tense are the same. This is very rare. V E R B S A N D T H E I R F O R M S 31 C. where the base and -ed participle are the same: come, came, come This is quite rare. D. where the past tense and -ed participle are the same have, had, had find, found, found lead, led, led Note that the two forms, though the same, are not predictable from the basic form. This type of irregular verb is very common. E. where all three forms are different drink, drank, drunk speak, spoke, spoken blow, blew, blown As exemplified by types A and D above, the past tense and -ed participle forms of most irregular verbs are the same. Another way to categorise irregular verbs is according to vowel changes, for example: swim, swam, swum sing, sang, sung sink, sank, sunk but this is limited, and there are verbs which look deceptively similar: swing, swung (not swang), swung. Some verbs vary between regularity and irregularity. Thus speed has the regular form speeded for both past tense and -ed participle as well as sped; spill likewise has both spilt and spilled and leap has leaped and leapt. Such verbs are all indicated in the Website Reference section. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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