English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- A5.1 Verb forms
VERBS AND THEIR FORMS
Verbs are an open word class (see B1). In terms of grammar (rather than lexis) they are the most important word class because they are the central element in clauses (see A7); each full clause must have a verb, and they determine what other elements will be present. In this book, auxiliary verbs are treated as a separate word class (‘auxiliaries’) as they are a closed class (see A6). It is main (or lexical) verbs that are the topic of this section. Traditionally, verbs are said typically to denote actions. There are two problems with this. First, nouns such as running, singing, fight or laughter also denote or imply actions. Second, many verbs are not to do with actions. They can also be to do with events, processes, states, relationships, and so on: The building collapsed. It snowed yesterday. I want some chocolate. I have three sisters In other words, verbs do not just denote actions. A5 V E R B S A N D T H E I R F O R M S 29 Identify the verb forms in the paragraph above beginning ‘Traditionally . . .’. Don’t worry about repetitions. As regards formal features, verbs can be recognised by the following characteristics: they inflect for tense, for the thirdperson singular, and for the ❏ -ing and -ed participles they agree with, and usually follow, the subject when there is no auxiliary ❏ (‘agreement’ – see A8) they form verb phrases, either on their own or in combination with auxiliaries, ❏ where they represent the ‘head’ (see A6) they precede objects ❏ It is the first point, their inflections, that is of interest in this section. A5.1 Verb forms Verbs have fairly extensive inflectional morphology; they have more possible regular variations than either nouns or adjectives. In addition there is much more irregularity. Verbs can have between three and eight different forms (or parts). Can you guess which verb has the most forms? Can you list the forms and label them? TERMINOLOGY Two of the labels above may have surprised you. Instead of ‘-ing participle’ and ‘-ed participle’ you may be familiar with ‘present participle’ and ‘past participle’. However, I have dropped these terms because there is nothing ‘present’ or ‘past’ about the forms they represent. The present and past nature of verb phrases is conveyed by the tense forms, not by the participles. Even though ‘-ed participle’ is not entirely accurate (because not all such forms are formed with -ed), it is still a better label. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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