English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- Activity A4.3
Form and function
As regards their form, unlike the other three open word classes (nouns, adjectives, verbs), adverbs do not have any inflections that can be used to identify them, apart from a few endings of limited application, such as -wards (e.g. afterwards), -ways (e.g. sideways) and -wise (e.g. lengthwise). The -ly inflection is not a reliable indicator, partly because, as mentioned, many adverbs do not end in -ly, but also because many words ending in -ly are adjectives, for example: costly, daily, deadly, friendly, kindly, kingly, likely, lively, lonely, lovely, ugly, weekly These do not add -ly to form adverbs; you cannot say ‘she spoke lovelily/friendlily’. In addition, there are some adverbs that have the same form as adjectives, for example, late, early, fast, straight, dead: We arrived late. It’s dead easy. Just as with the corresponding adjective, these may form comparatives and super latives where appropriate with -er and -est: He arrived later/earlier than expected. Otherwise comparison is formed using more and most: more politely. We should also note that there are some ‘ly’ adverbs that are not related in meaning to adjectives even though they appear to be, e.g. hardly, lately, largely: I hardly know him. Since adverbs do not have any distinctive morphological features, we need to refer to their structural role for identification. Adverbs have two main grammatical functions: ✪ Activity A4.3 26 I N T R O D U C T I O N as the modifier of another word, as we saw above with intensifiers, e.g. of ❏ adjectives (He’s very happy. He’s a very happy man.), other adverbs (e.g. very quickly, only now) or pronouns and noun phrases (e.g. They won’t like it, especially her). as the adverbial element in a clause ❏ : We walked slowly. See A8 for more on adverbials, especially their position in the sentence. Write two sentences for each of the following words, one where they are adverbs and one where they are adjectives: harder, kindly, later, fast, well. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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