Genetikadan masala ishlash
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genetika
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- 155-masala.
- 156-masala*.
- Noallel genlar o‘zaro ta’sirining kombinirlangan tipi.
154-masala. Faraz qilaylik, suli o‘simligida don massasi uch juft allel bo‘lmagan genlarga (A1, A2 va A3) bog‘liq. Uning bitta gomozigotali navi 4 g, ikkinchisi esa 10 g don bersa, ularni chatishtirilganda olingan F1 va F2 o‘simliklarida don massasi qanchadan bo‘ladi? 155-masala. Makkajo‘xori o‘simligida poyaning uzunligi to‘rt juft polimer gen orqali belgilanadi. SHu genlarning genotipda retsessiv holatda bo‘lishi poya uzunligining 40 sm bo‘lishini, ularning dominant gomozigota holatda bo‘lishi esa 320 sm bo‘lishini ta’minlaydi. Quyidagi genotipga ega jo‘xori o‘simliklari chatishtirilsa, ota-ona o‘simliklarning hamda F1 va F2 da olingan o‘simliklar bo‘yining o‘rtacha uzunligini aniqlang: A1A1A2A2A3A3a4a4 x a1a1a2a2a3a3A4A4. 156-masala*. Odamlarda terining qora rangi uch juft dominant noallel genlar tomonidan, oq rangi esa uch juft retsessiv allellar tomonidan boshqariladi. Bu polimer genlar kumulyativ effektga ega. Agar qora rangli afrikalik negr evropalik qizga uylansa, ularning oilasida tug‘iladigan bolalar – mulatlarning teri rangi jigarrang bo‘ladi. oq tanli negr, qora tanli P ♀ a1a1a2a2a3a3 X ♂ A1A1A2A2A3A3 g a1a2a3 A1A2A3 F1 A1a1A2a2A3a3 – mulat, terisi jigarrang. Agar shunday mulat yigit oq tanli qizga uylansa, ularning bolalarida teri rangi qanday bo‘ladi? Masalaning echilishi: oq tanli negr, qora tanli P ♀ a1a1a2a2a3a3 X ♂ A1a1A2a2A3a3 g a1a2a3 A1A2A3, A1A2a3, A1a2A3, a1A2A3, A1a2a3, a1A2a3, a1a2A3, a1a2a3 F2 A1a1A2a2A3a3 – mulat, terisi jigarrang A1a1A2a2a3a3 - terisi och jigarrang A1a1a2a2A3a3 - terisi och jigarrang a1a1A2a2A3a3 - terisi och jigarrang A1a1a2a2a3a3 - terisi bug‘doy rang a1a1A2a2a3a3 - terisi bug‘doy rang a1a1a2a2A3a3 - terisi bug‘doy rang a1a1a2a2a3a3 - terisi oq rang.
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Fanlar Akademiyasining akademigi D.A.Musaev o‘z shogirdlari bilan qariyb 50 yil g‘o‘za genetikasi ustida olib borgan ilmiy tadqiqotlari natijasida dunyoda birinchi bo‘lib G.hirsutum L. turiga mansub g‘o‘zaning genetik kolleksiyasi liniyalarida chigit ustidagi tola qoplami (tuk va tola) ning irsiylanishi haqidagi ilmiy nazariyani yaratdi. Bu nazariyaga ko‘ra, chigit ustidagi tuklanishning irsiylanishi uch guruh genlarga bog‘liq: 1. Gen ingibitor – I – i. Bu genning dominant allellari gomo va geterozigota holatlarda chigit tuklanishining asosiy va qo‘shimcha genlari faoliyatini to‘xtatib qo‘yadi, natijada chigit tuksiz – yalang‘och urug‘li bo‘ladi. 2. CHigit tuklanishining asosiy genlari. Ular asosan ikki juft – Ft1-ft1 va Ft2 - ft2 bo‘lib, gen-ingibitor retsessiv gomozigota (ii) bo‘lgan vaqtda chigitning mikropile qismidagi tuklanishni rivojlantiradi. Ular kumulyativ polimeriya tipida faoliyat ko‘rsatadi. 3. CHigit tuklanishining qo‘shimcha geni - Fc – fc. Bu gen genotipda gen-ingibitor retsessiv gomozigota holatida bo‘lganda, asosiy genlarning birinchisi - Ft1 – ft1 bilan komplementar ta’sirda bo‘lib, chigitning xalaza va yon tomonlaridagi tuklanishni rivojlantiradi. Demak, chigit tuklanishining irsiylanishi kamida 4 juft genga bog‘liqligini ko‘ramiz. Akademik D.A.Musaev olib borilgan tadqiqotlar natijasiga suyangan holda umumiy genetika faniga birinchi bo‘lib noallel genlar o‘zaro ta’sirining yangi tipi – kombinirlangan tipni kiritdi. Bu tipning asosiy xususiyati shundaki, bitta belgining – chigit ustidagi tuklanishning irsiylanishida bir vaqtning o‘zida noallel genlar o‘zaro ta’sirining barcha tiplari – komplementariya, epistaz, polimeriya, asosiy va qo‘shimcha genlarning o‘zaro ta’siri kabilar ishtirok etadi. Bu dunyo fanidagi buyuk kashfiyotlardan biri hisoblanadi. Dastlab chigit tuklanishining irsiylanishida ishtirok etuvchi asosiy genlar – Ft1 - ft1 va Ft2 – ft2 ning faoliyatini ko‘rib chiqaylik. Buning uchun genetik kolleksiyaning L-15 va L-110 liniyalarini olamiz. L-15 liniya o‘simliklari normal mikropilyar tuklanishga ega, L-110 liniya o‘simliklari esa retsessiv yalang‘och urug‘li. Bu liniyalarni o‘zaro chatishtiramiz: n – MS rGS P ♀ L - 15 X ♂ L - 110 ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc ii ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc g i Ft1Ft2 fc i ft1ft2 fc F1 ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – m-MS (o‘rtacha mikropilyar tuklanish) m-MS m-MS P ♀ ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc X ♂ ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc g i Ft1Ft2 fc i Ft1Ft2 fc i Ft1ft2 fc i Ft1ft2 fc i ft1Ft2 fc i ft1Ft2 fc i ft1ft2 fc i ft1ft2 fc F2 1. ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 1 1 n-MS normal mikropilyar tuklanish 2. ii Ft1Ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 3. ii Ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 2 4 p-MS oraliq mikropilyar tuklanish 4. ii Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 1 5. ii ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 1 6 m-MS o‘rtacha mikropilyar tuklanish 6. ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 4 7. ii Ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 4 nz-MS juda kichik mikropilyar tuklanish 8. ii ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 9. ii ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 1 1 rGS retsessiv yalang‘och urug‘li SHunday qilib, F2 da ikkita fenotipik sinf kuzatiladi: - mikropilyar tuklanishli o‘simliklar - retsessiv yalang‘och urug‘li o‘simliklar Ularning nisbati 15:1. CHigit tuklanishining asosiy genlari – Ft1-ft1 va Ft2-ft2 digenli polimeriya tipida faoliyat ko‘rsatadi. Ularning ta’siri kumulyativ polimeriya tipida bo‘ladi, ya’ni tuklanish dominant allellarning soniga bog‘liq: 4 ta dominant allel (Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2) normal mikropilyar (n-MS) tuklanishni beradi; 3 ta dominant allel (Ft1Ft1Ft2ft2, Ft1ft1Ft2Ft2) oraliq mikropilyar (p-MS) tuklanishni beradi; 2 ta dominant allel (Ft1Ft1ft2ft2, ft1ft1Ft2Ft2, Ft1ft1Ft2ft2) o‘rtacha mikropilyar (m-MS) tuklanishni beradi; 1 ta dominant allel (Ft1ft1ft2ft2, ft1ft1Ft2ft2) juda kichik mikropilyar (nz-MS) tuklanishni beradi; hamma retsessiv allellar (ft1ft1ft2ft2) retsessiv yalang‘och urug‘ni (rGS) beradi. Asosiy genlar faoliyat ko‘rsatishlari uchun gen ingibitor retsessiv gomozigota (ii) holatda bo‘lishi lozim. Endi gen ingibitor ishtirok etgan liniyalarni o‘zaro chatishtirib ko‘ramiz: dominant absolyut normal mikropilyar yalang‘och urug‘li tuklanish DAGS n-MS P ♀ L - 70 X ♂ L - 15 II ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc g I ft1ft2 fc i Ft1Ft2 fc F1 Ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – yalang‘och urug‘li GS
P ♀ Ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc X ♂ Ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc F1 duragaylari trigeterozigota bo‘lganligi sababli, ota-onaning har biri sakkiztadan gameta hosil qiladi: g I Ft1Ft2 fc I Ft1Ft2 fc I Ft1ft2 fc I Ft1ft2 fc I ft1Ft2 fc I ft1Ft2 fc I ft1ft2 fc I ft1ft2 fc i Ft1Ft2 fc i Ft1Ft2 fc i Ft1ft2 fc i Ft1ft2 fc i ft1Ft2 fc i ft1Ft2 fc i ft1ft2 fc i ft1ft2 fc F2 1. II Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 1 DAGS 2. II Ft1Ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 DAGS 3. II Ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 2 DAGS 4. II Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 1 DAGS 5. II ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 1 DAGS 16 DAGS 6. II Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 4 DAGS 7. II Ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 DAGS 8. II ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 DAGS 9. II ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 1 DAGS 10. Ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 2 DAGS 11. Ii Ft1Ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 4 DAGS 12. Ii Ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 4 DAGS 13. Ii Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 DAGS 14. Ii ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 2 DAGS 32 DAGS 15. Ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 8 DAGS 16. Ii Ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 4 DAGS 17. Ii ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 4 DAGS 18. Ii ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 DAGS 19. ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 1 n-MS 1 n-MS 20. ii Ft1Ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 p-MS 4 p-MS 21. ii Ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 2 p-MS 22. ii Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 1 m-MS 23. ii ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 1 m-MS 6 m-MS 24. ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 4 m-MS 25. ii Ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 nz-MS 4 nz-MS 26. ii ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 nz-MS 27. Ii ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 1 rGS 1 rGS
1 n-MS + 4 p-MS + 6 m-MS + 4 nz-MS = 15 MS (mikropilyar tuklanish) F2 da ikkita fenotipik sinf hosil bo‘ladi: - yalang‘och urug‘li (chigitli) o‘simliklar - mikropilyar tuklanishli o‘simliklar Ularning nisbati 49 : 15. Gen ingibitor genotipda dominant gomo- va geterozigota ( II va Ii ) holatlarda ishtirok etgan taqdirda, fenotipda yalang‘och urug‘ (GS) hosil bo‘ladi, ular dominant yalang‘och urug‘lilar hisoblanadi. Genotipda barcha genlar retsessiv gomozigota ( ii ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc ) holatda bo‘lsa, u holda retsessiv yalang‘och urug‘ hosil bo‘ladi. Nihoyat, noallel genlar o‘zaro ta’sirining komplementar tipida chigit tuklanishining irsiylanishini ko‘rib chiqamiz: to‘liq tuk bilan normal mikropilyar qoplangan tuklanish OS n-MS P ♀ L - 47 X ♂ L - 15 ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 FcFc ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc g i Ft1Ft2 Fc i Ft1Ft2 fc F1 ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 Fcfc – chigitning mikropile qismida normal tuklanish, chigitning xalaza qismida tuklanishning notekis taqsimlanishi PS PS PS P ♀ ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 Fcfc X ♂ ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 Fcfc g i Ft1Ft2 Fc i Ft1Ft2 Fc i Ft1Ft2 fc i Ft1Ft2 fc F2 ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 FcFc –1 OS ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 Fcfc – 1 PS ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 Fcfc – 1 PS ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 1 n-MS F2 da uchta fenotipik sinflar hosil bo‘lib, ularning nisbati 1 : 2 : 1. Endi yuqorida ko‘rib o‘tilgan noallel genlar o‘zaro ta’siri tiplarining bir kombinatsiyada chigit tuklanishining irsiylanishiga ko‘rsatadigan ta’sirlari ustida to‘xtalamiz: DAGS OS P ♀ L - 70 X ♂ L - 47 II ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 FcFc g I ft1ft2 fc i Ft1Ft2 Fc F1 Ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 Fcfc – GS GS GS
P ♀ Ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 Fcfc X ♂ Ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 Fcfc g I Ft1Ft2 Fc I Ft1Ft2 Fc I Ft1Ft2 fc I Ft1Ft2 fc I Ft1ft2 Fc I Ft1ft2 Fc I Ft1ft2 fc I Ft1ft2 fc I ft1Ft2 Fc I ft1Ft2 Fc I ft1Ft2 fc I ft1Ft2 fc I ft1ft2 Fc I ft1ft2 Fc I ft1ft2 fc I ft1ft2 fc i Ft1Ft2 Fc i Ft1Ft2 Fc i Ft1Ft2 fc i Ft1Ft2 fc i Ft1ft2 Fc i Ft1ft2 Fc i Ft1ft2 fc i Ft1ft2 fc i ft1Ft2 Fc i ft1Ft2 Fc i ft1Ft2 fc i ft1Ft2 fc i ft1ft2 Fc i ft1ft2 Fc i ft1ft2 fc i ft1ft2 fc
2. II Ft1Ft1Ft2ft2 FcFc – 2 3. II Ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 FcFc – 2 4. II Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 FcFc – 1 5. II ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 FcFc – 1 16 Dominant GS 6. II Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 FcFc – 4 7. II Ft1ft1ft2ft2 FcFc – 2 8. II ft1ft1Ft2ft2 FcFc – 2 9. II ft1ft1ft2ft2 FcFc – 1 10. II Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 Fcfc – 2 11. II Ft1Ft1Ft2ft2 Fcfc – 4 12. II Ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 Fcfc – 4 13. II Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 Fcfc – 2 14. II ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 Fcfc – 2 32 Dominant GS 15. II Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 Fcfc – 8 16. II Ft1ft1ft2ft2 Fcfc – 4 17. II ft1ft1Ft2ft2 Fcfc – 4 18. II ft1ft1ft2ft2 Fcfc – 2 19. II Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 1 20. II Ft1Ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 21. II Ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 2 22. II Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 1 23. II ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 1 16 Dominant GS 24. II Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 4 25. II Ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 26. II ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 27. II ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 1 28. Ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 FcFc– 2 29. Ii Ft1Ft1Ft2ft2 FcFc – 4 30. Ii Ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 FcFc – 4 31. Ii Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 FcFc – 2 32. Ii ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 FcFc – 2 32 Dominant GS 33. Ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 FcFc – 8 34. Ii Ft1ft1ft2ft2 FcFc – 4 35. Ii ft1ft1Ft2ft2 FcFc – 4 36. II ft1ft1ft2ft2 FcFc – 2 37. Ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 2 38. Ii Ft1Ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 4 39. Ii Ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 4 40. Ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 8 41. Ii Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 32 Dominant GS 42. Ii ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 2 43. Ii Ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 4 44. Ii ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 4 45. Ii ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 46. Ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 Fcfc – 4 47. Ii Ft1Ft1Ft2ft2 Fcfc – 8 48. Ii Ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 Fcfc – 8 49. Ii Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 Fcfc – 4 50. Ii ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 Fcfc – 4 64 Dominant GS 51. Ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 Fcfc – 16 52. Ii Ft1ft1ft2ft2 Fcfc – 8 53. Ii ft1ft1Ft2ft2 Fcfc – 8 54. Ii ft1ft1ft2ft2 Fcfc – 4 55. ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 FcFc – 1 OS 56. ii Ft1Ft1Ft2ft2 FcFc – 2 OS 57. ii Ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 FcFc – 2 OS 58. ii Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 FcFc – 1 OS 59. ii ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 FcFc – 1 m-MS 60. ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 FcFc – 4 OS 61. ii Ft1ft1ft2ft2 FcFc – 2 nz-MS 62. ii ft1ft1Ft2ft2 FcFc – 2 nz-MS 63. ii ft1ft1ft2ft2 FcFc – 1 rGS 64. ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 Fcfc – 2 PS 65. ii Ft1Ft1Ft2ft2 Fcfc – 4 PS 66. ii Ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 Fcfc – 4 PS 67. ii Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 Fcfc – 2 PS 68. ii ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 Fcfc – 2 m-MS 69. ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 Fcfc – 8 m-MS 70. ii Ft1ft1ft2ft2 Fcfc – 4 nz-MS 71. ii ft1ft1Ft2ft2 Fcfc – 4 nz-MS 72. ii ft1ft1ft2ft2 Fcfc – 2 rGS 73. ii Ft1Ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 1 n-MS 74. ii Ft1Ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 p-MS 75. ii Ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 2 p-MS 76. ii Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 1 m-MS 77. ii ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 fcfc – 1 m-MS 78. ii Ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 4 m-MS 79. ii Ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 nz-MS 80. ii ft1ft1Ft2ft2 fcfc – 2 nz-MS 81. ii ft1ft1ft2ft2 fcfc – 1 rGS 192 ta dominant GS + 4 ta retsessiv GS = 196 ta yalang‘och urug‘li (chigitli) – GS o‘simliklar; 16 ta nz-MS + 17 ta m-MS + 4 ta p-MS + 1 ta n-MS = 38 ta mikropilyar tuklanishli – MS o‘simliklar; 12 ta PS va 10 ta OS tipli o‘simliklar. F2 da to‘rtta fenotipik sinflar hosil bo‘lib, ularning nisbati 196:38:12:10. SHunday qilib, chigit ustidagi tuklanishning irsiylanishida 4 juft noallel genlar ( I-i, Ft1-ft1, Ft2-ft2 va Fc-fc ) ishtirok etib, ularning faoliyatida bir vaqtning o‘zida noallel genlar o‘zaro ta’sirining komplementar, epistaz, polimeriya tiplari, shuningdek, asosiy genlar bilan qo‘shimcha gen o‘rtasidagi o‘ziga xos ta’sir tipining mavjudligini ko‘ramiz. Asosiy Ft1-ft1 gen Fc bilan komplementar ta’sir tipida bo‘lsa, Ft2-ft2 esa qo‘shimcha gen bilan komplementar munosabatda emas. ii Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 FcFc - OS tipli tuklanish ii ft1ft1Ft2Ft2 FcFc - m-MS tipli tuklanish ii Ft1Ft1ft2ft2 Fcfc - PS tipli tuklanish ii ft1ft1Ft2Ft2Fcfc - m-MS tipli tuklanish.
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