"impact of european union public procurement legislation on the albanian public procurement system" republika e shqip
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- 1.2.5.1 Exemptions by reason of choice
- 1.2.5.1.b Contracts requiring secrecy measures
- 1.2.5.1.c Contracts governed by other rules
- 2015 57 1.2.5.2 Exemptions due to the nature of the contract 1.2.5.2.a Contracts for the acquisition of land
- 1.2.5.2.b Broadcasting material and time
- 2015 58 1.2.5.2.c Arbitration and conciliation services
2015 53 ‘principal object’ test is clearly inspired by the decision of the ECJ in the Gestión Hotelera case 150 . 1.2.4.2.c Works/supplies According to PPL 151 , ‘a public contract having as its object the supply of products, which covers also, as an incidental matter, sitting and installation operations shall be considered to be a ‘public supply contract’ where the value of ‘goods’ exceeds the value of sitting and installation’. As it is clearly stated, the Albanian procurement rules, as in the case of mixed contracts with services and supplies, analyzed here above, even in the case of mixed contracts with works and supplies, will use the ‘value test’ to name the contract. On the other hand, under the Public Sector Directive, ‘a public contract having as its object the supply of products and which also covers, as an incidental matter, siting and installation operations shall be considered to be a ‘public supply contract’ 152 . For example, in the case of the purchase of a crane to be installed on a dockside, the object of the contract is the supply of the crane and not the works required to site it, even if those works are considerable. According to the Directive, this ‘principal object’ test, which mirrors the way in which works and services contracts are to be distinguished, would appear to apply even if the value of siting or installation services is greater than the value of the supplies itself, since it is a test based on the object of the contract and not the ‘value-based test’ applied to distinguish between supplies and services 153 . 1.2.5 Exemptions 154 It is also necessary for regulatory regimes to consider what types of transactions should be covered – how procurement should be defined in principle, and whether any transactions falling within the basic definition should be excluded. Some of these matters of cover might be dealt with by specific exclusions from the scope of the 150 See Case 331/92 Gestión Hotelera [1994] ECR I-1329. The case concerned two invitations to tender, one in respect of the installation and opening of a casino, the other in respect of the operation of a hotel. The contracting authority intended to arrange for the installation of a casino in the premises of a hotel owned by the municipality. It wanted, however, to award the contract to the company that, following competitive selection, would assume responsibility for the operation of the hotel business. Despite the works component, it was clear for the ECJ that the main object of the award of the contract was, first, the installation and opening of a casino and, secondly, the operation of a hotel business. Those objects constituted services concessions and thus were outside the scope of the Directives. 151 See article 3(6) of the PPL. 152 See article 1 (2) (c), para 2 of the Directive 2004/18/EC. 153 P. Trepte “Public Procurement in the EU- a practitioner’s Guide, Second Edition”, published by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2007, pg. 238, para 4.112. 154 Except the specific exemptions, the Public Sector Directives (both 2004/18/EC [article 19] and 2014/24/EU [article 20]) do provide also for ‘reserved contracts’, which are not excluded from the scope of the Directive but are subject to specific conditions of eligibility being imposed on the participants. The Albanian PPL does not envisage at all this type of contract. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 54 procurement legislation, rather than through the definition of its concepts 155 . As such even where contracts fall within the general definition of a public contract, some of these contracts will be excluded from the scope of the procurement legislation (both Public Sector Directive 156 and the Albanian PPL 157 ) for a number of reasons. Some are excluded because they are not, by their nature, amenable to competition. Some are excluded because governments wish to exclude them from competition for specific reasons. Some of the exclusions apply only to contracts of a specific type. In any case, the ECJ has strictly interpreted the exceptions to the provisions of the Directives (both Public Sector Directive and the Utilities Directive) 158 . 1.2.5.1 Exemptions by reason of choice This section concerns procurement of a military nature, procurement requiring secrecy, and procurement that, by agreement, is subject to different procurement rules. 1.2.5.1.a The Defense procurement Defense procurement has not been entirely exempt from the procurement rules since they were introduced, but the public sector directives have always provided for a partial exemption for this kind of procurement. However, it was not and still is not the identity of the contracting authority that determines whether or not procurement is to be exempt from the procurement rules. Thus, the exemption is not given because it is the Ministry of Defense carrying out the procurement; the exemption applies only to the subject matter of the procurement, i.e. to products that are of a military nature 159 . Until 2009, certain military products were exempt from the provisions of the Directive 2004/18/EC (so- called Public Sector Directive). Since 2009, however, those exempt products and related 155 See S. Arrowsmith “Public Procurement: Basic Concepts and the Coverage of Procurement Rules”, Public Procurement Regulation-an introduction, pg. 30, Available on-line at http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pprg/documentsarchive/asialinkmaterials/publicprocurementregulationintrod uction.pdf . Retrieved on, 20.12.2014. 156 See Section 3 “Excluded contracts”, (article 12-18) of the Directive 2004/18/EC. A list of types and/or contracts excluded is foreseen by the Directive 2014/24/EU, under the Section 3 “Exclusions”. Exclusions have to a considerable extent been reviewed by Directive 2014/24/EU. 157 See articles 5-9 of the PPL. 158 See cases Cases C-20/01 and C-28/01 Commission v Germany [2003] ECR I-3609. 159 See article 10 of the Directive 2004/18/EC. The same position is held by the Albanian PPL, in article 5 of which is stated that ‘The PPL shall apply to all public contracts awarded in the field of defense. The provisions of the PPL shall not apply in the following cases: (a) when CA shall be obliged to supply information whose disclosure is contrary to the essential interests of national security; (b) for the purchase of arms, munitions and war material, or related services. This exception shall not adversely affect the conditions of competition regarding products not specifically intended for military purposes; (c) in specific circumstances caused by natural disasters, armed conflicts, war operations, military training and participation in military missions outside the country’. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 55 services are now covered by Directive 2009/81 160 , which applies a more flexible and confidential regime to the procurement of military supplies and related works and services 161 . 1.2.5.1.b Contracts requiring secrecy measures The Directives do not apply to public contracts (i) that are declared secret, or (ii) the execution of which must be accompanied by special security measures in accordance with the laws, regulations or administrative provisions in force in the Member State concerned, or (iii) when the protection of the essential interests of that state’s security so requires 162 . However, these exemptions would not be automatic but would need, if challenged, to be properly justified 163 . In a case involving the prohibition against the unlicensed importation of narcotic drugs, an argument was put forward to the effect that the provisions of the Directives could be excluded on the basis of the above discussed exemption. The Court stated that a tenderer’s ability to implement proper security measures could be taken into account as a criterion for the award of a contract 164 . 1.2.5.1.c Contracts governed by other rules Another situation when the public contracts are excluded from the obligation to follow the procurement rules is when such contracts are governed by different procurement rules. According to the Albanian PPL 165 ‘to the extent that the PPL conflicts with an 160 Directive 2009/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 on the coordination of procedures for the award of certain works contracts, supply contracts and service contracts by contracting authorities or entities in the fields of defense and security, and amending Directives 2004/17/EC and 2004/18/EC. Official Journal L 216/76, 20.8.2009. 161 This amendment did not change, however, the substance of the exemption. Directive 2009/81 applies essentially the same definitions to the contracts that are exempt from the Public Sector Directive. It merely provides an alternative procurement regime so that the procurement of such products is no longer entirely excluded from the scope of Community procurement rules and principles. Whilst the provision of security devices and equipment, such as weaponry and surveillance equipment, is more clearly susceptible to exclusion on the basis of security arguments, many supplies are less easily excluded on the same basis. The supply of uniforms, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment are examples of purchases that may not be so easily justified, although there may be particular instances where, even for such purchases, security is an issue. 162 The same exclusion is provided by the Albanian PPL in its article 6 titled “Secret contracts, contracts requiring special security measures and contracts dictated by essential interests of the state”, stating that ‘The PPL shall not apply to public contracts when their performance must be accompanied by special security measures in accordance with the laws, regulations or administrative provisions in force, or when the protection of the State’s essential interests so requires.’ 163 P. Trepte “Public Procurement in the EU - a practitioner’s Guide, Second Edition”, published by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2007, pg. 243, para 4.127. 164 See case C-324/93 The Queen v Secretary of State for Home Department, ex parte Evans Medical Ltd and Macfarlan Smith Ltd [1995] ECR I-563. 165 See article 8 “International obligations” of the PPL. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 56 obligation of the State under, or arising out of, an agreement with one or more other states or with an international organization, the provisions of that agreement shall prevail’ 166 . In all other respects, public procurement activities shall be governed by the PPL. The Public Sector Directive 167 , on the other hand, having taken into consideration that this Directive aims at regulating public procurement within Member States, provides for a wider list of cases ‘regulated by international rules’, which foresees the situations of international agreements between a Member State and one or more third countries, or particular procedures of an international organization. In concrete, according to the Directive, procurement rules (meaning the Directive itself) do not apply to contracts that are governed by different procedural rules and awarded: - pursuant to an international agreement concluded in conformity with the TFEU between a Member State and one or more third countries and covering works, supplies or services intended for the joint implementation or exploitation of a project by the signatory states; - to undertakings in a Member State or a third country in pursuance of an international agreement relating to the stationing of troops; - Pursuant to the particular procedure of an international organization. The last provision refers to organizations in which Member States are members. It would include, for example, organizations such as the United Nations, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, or World Bank. The World Bank, in particular, provides grants and credits to various countries for the procurement of works, goods and services. The procurement of these items is generally subject to the World Bank’s own procurement guidelines 168 , except where the national procurement systems are considered to be equivalent and, therefore, acceptable. Many of the new EU Member States have benefited from the World Bank assistance and may still be beneficiaries of the World Bank financing. To the extent, therefore, that the World Bank continues to impose its own guidelines, this provision will provide the requisite exemption from the Directives 169 . 166 According to the article 116 of the Constitution of the Republic of Albania, the ratified international agreements, are classified below the constitution but above the laws. In any case, based on this constitutional provision, the international agreement referred by the article 8 of the PPL, should be ratified by the parliament, to fulfill the condition of prevailing to the PPL. 167 See article 15 “Contracts awarded pursuant to international rules” of the Directive 2004/18/EC. 168 The same approach is followed also in Albania, in cases of grants or credits, provided by the World Bank. 169 P. Trepte “Public Procurement in the EU - a practitioner’s Guide, Second Edition”, published by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2007, pg. 244, para 4.129. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 57 1.2.5.2 Exemptions due to the nature of the contract 1.2.5.2.a Contracts for the acquisition of land The procurement rules 170 exclude contracts for the acquisition or rental, by whatever financial means, of land, existing buildings or other immovable property, or for the acquisition of rights thereon. These contracts are excluded because they relate to immovable property, which is naturally dependent on the geographic location. Such contracts take place essentially in local markets and their objects generally rule out any real prospect for cross-frontier competition 171 . On the other hand, financial services contracts concluded at the same time as, before or after the contract of acquisition or rental, in whatever form, are subject to the procurement rules. 1.2.5.2.b Broadcasting material and time Contracts for the acquisition, development, production or co-production of programme material by broadcasters as well as contracts for broadcasting time, are excluded from the procurement rules 172 . This covers the production of audio-visual works, such as films, videos and sound recording, including for advertising purposes 173 , and the purchase of services for the purchase, development, production or co-production of off-the-shelf programmes as well as other preparatory services, such as those relating to the preparation of scripts or to artistic performances necessary for the production of programmes 174 . The exemption also covers broadcasting time (transmission by air, satellite or cable, now defined as any transmission and distribution using a form of electronic network) 175 . In principle, the contracting-out of audio-visual production, for example for information, training or advertising purposes, would be covered, but it is granted an exemption insofar as it is connected with the broadcasting activities of broadcasting organizations that are public authorities. The exemption is justified on the grounds of the cultural and social significance of programming material, so that national broadcasters remain free to procure programme material from whomever they wish and according to the procedures of their choice. The exclusion does not apply to the supply of technical equipment necessary for the production, co-production and broadcasting of such programmes 176 . 170 See article 7(a) of the PPL and article 16 (a) of the Directive 2004/18/EC. 171 See the Explanatory Memorandum in respect of the Services Directive (COM (90) 372 final). 172 See article 7(b) of the PPL and article 16 (b) of the Directive 2004/18/EC. 173 See the Explanatory Memorandum in respect of the Services Directive (COM (90) 372 final). 174 See Recital 25 of the Directive 2004/18/EC. 175 Ibid. 176 See Recital 25 of the Directive 2004/18/EC. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 58 1.2.5.2.c Arbitration and conciliation services The arbitration and conciliation services are excluded as well from the procurement rules 177 . Arbitration and conciliation services are usually provided by bodies or individuals designated or selected in a manner which cannot be governed by procurement rules 178 . It is inappropriate to include the procurement of contracts for arbitration and conciliation services in the Directives because competitive bidding for such services would interfere with the joint selection of arbitrators and conciliators by the parties to a dispute. These parties would, in any event, want to select arbitrators and conciliators on the basis of their competence and experience and within relatively short time frames 179 . 1.2.5.2.d Certain financial services The procurement rules 180 exclude contracts of financial services in connection with the issue, sale, purchase or transfer of securities or other financial instruments, in particular transactions by the contracting authorities to raise money or capital, and central bank services. This exclusion refers to contracts that constitute transactions concerning government bonds, for example, and activities related to public debt management. Also, included in the derogation are contracts awarded to financial intermediaries to arrange the above financial transactions, as these services are specifically excluded from the scope of investment services. The exclusion is based on the fact that such services are closely connected with national monetary policies, tend to be heavily regulated, and are generally reserved to a small number of qualified and registered undertakings. Transactions are also carried out within very short time-limits 181 . 1.2.5.2.e Employment contracts Employment contracts, is another type of contracts excluded from the procurement rules 182 . This exclusion is better justified under the EU philosophy and freedoms. Whilst the Community protects those persons in employment relationships and guarantees the right of Community citizens to move freely throughout the Community for the purposes of taking up employment and establishing themselves, such relationships do not fall within the scope of the procurement rules. Even if employees may be recruited from all over the Community, the employment market is generally a localized one and subject to local conditions of employment, taxation and social regimes. These relationships are 177 See article 7(c) of the PPL and article 16 (c) of the Directive 2004/18/EC. 178 See Recital 26 of the Directive 2004/18/EC. 179 See the Explanatory Memorandum in respect of the Services Directive (COM (90) 372 final). 180 See article 7(ç) of the PPL and article 16 (d) of the Directive 2004/18/EC. 181 P. Trepte “Public Procurement in the EU - a practitioner’s Guide, Second Edition”, published by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2007, pg. 250, para 4.143. 182 See article 7(e) of the PPL and article 16 (e) of the Directive 2004/18/EC. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 59 usually permanent (full or part-time) relationships, even if they are entered into for short periods of time. These relationships are not entered into for the purposes of trade. The Directives are concerned with cross-border trade and thus with the freedom of individuals and companies to provide services throughout the Community and, where appropriate, to establish themselves in other Member States, with a view to providing services to purchasers in those Member States 183 . Download 5.49 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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