"impact of european union public procurement legislation on the albanian public procurement system" republika e shqip
Download 5.49 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- 1.1.1.b. The economic aspects of the public procurement system
- 1.2 Components of public procurement, scope of application and exclusions
- 1.2.1. Contracting authority
- 1.2.1.1 Public authorities
2015 29 It might happen that a tight regulation at the contract award stage can be undermined, if there is no adequate control of the contract execution stage 30 . First, without careful management and oversight of the execution of the contract, the fraudulent behavior can be carried over into the execution stage. Secondly, even when the procuring entity is behaving honestly, the bidder may bid deliberately low and then seek to manipulate the contract execution phase to obtain better terms (for example, by refusing to perform without extra payments, with the potential to cause great inconvenience to the procuring entity). This is one of the reasons why changes to a contract made during the execution phase may sometimes be required by procurement laws to constitute a “new” contract that must be retendered, as mentioned above. However, changes made during the execution phase are often harder to monitor than violations of rules that govern the contract award phase, since other suppliers will not be policing the process in the same way as during a tendering procedure 31 . 1.1.1.b. The economic aspects of the public procurement system Procurement regulation has been developed largely by societies, which rely on concepts based on welfare economics in the market economy and is currently being adopted in societies, which are embracing a market economy. The development of procurement regulations within a market economy implies that its purpose is in some way an instrument of the pursuit of economic welfare. In a market economy, economic welfare is achieved, in part by pursuing the objective of economic or “allocative” efficiency. This, in turns, gives rise to further considerations. First, regulation can be seen as an attempt to correct market and institutional failures in order to achieve the goal of economic efficiency. Secondly, this goal may be seen as insufficient in itself to achieve economic welfare because it is based on the assumption that optimal economic welfare will result from the perfect functioning of the free market and the achievement of allocative efficiency. But economic “welfare” may, however, be seen as something more than pure allocative efficiency. Thirdly, economic welfare may be formulated with the intention of achieving specific economic, social and political objectives, which will have an impact on the formulation of those instruments of policy employed to achieve economic efficiency. 32 On the other hand, the public procurement process aims the management of public funds 33 . Most obviously, both public and private procurement has a main 30 See, for example, Auricchio, “The Problem of Discrimination and Anti-competitive Behavior in the Execution Phase of Public Contracts” (1998) 7 Public Procurement Law Review, pg.113. 31 See S. Arrowsmith “Public Procurement: Basic Concepts and the Coverage of Procurement Rules”, Public Procurement Regulation-an introduction, pg. 1, Available on-line at http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pprg/documentsarchive/asialinkmaterials/publicprocurementregulationintrod uction.pdf . Retrieved on, 20.12.2014. 32 P. Trepte “Regulating Procurement- understanding the ends and means of public procurement regulation”, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2004 (reprinted in 2006), pg.63-64. 33 See article 3, point 4/a of PPL. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 30 objective of obtaining value for money, and both public and private purchasers are want to ensure an efficient procurement process 34 . Speaking about public funds in the sense of procurement processes, usually it means the fund at disposal of a contracting authority to conclude a public contract. As a matter of fact, public funds that are “spent” at the end of a procurement process are not only those funds needed for the conclusion of the contract with the winner of the procurement procedure, but they include also the funds used for administrative expenses necessary to perform the public procurement process. Thus, to perform a procurement procedure, the necessary costs for preparatory actions should be considered, as for example costs for preliminary research and comparing 35 , in order to prepare necessary (technical and financial) requirements for the good, service or work, as well as the necessary administrative costs, as for example salaries of the employees engaged in preparing the procedure from the planning phase to the signing of the contract, costs for printing or copying of documents, electric energy spent for this reason, etc. 36 In this sense, a public procurement process should aim at the “value for money” and efficacy not only of the funds in disposal for concluding the public contract, but also of the administrative expenses necessary to implement the procurement procedure. Cost control is a key issue in public (and private) procurement. Value for money remains the fore most objective associated with public procurement in most jurisdictions. Finding the appropriate trade-off point between cost and quality, and long and short term value, remains a project for individual contracting authorities supported by national policy. Broader concepts of value for money look at the economic impact of procurement and ask whether it is sustainable. There are a number of ways of promoting economic sustainability in procurement, from ensuring that contractors are financially sound and tax compliant, to encouraging competition from a diverse range of enterprises, to assessing the effect which a public contract will have on local employment and wages 37 . Looking for the "best value for money” in public (and private) procurement, while keeping under control the process management costs, requires several important decisions. 34 See S. Arrowsmith “Public Procurement: Basic Concepts and the Coverage of Procurement Rules”, Public Procurement Regulation-an introduction, pg. 5, Available on-line at http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pprg/documentsarchive/asialinkmaterials/publicprocurementregulationintrod uction.pdf . Retrieved on, 20.12.2014. 35 P. Trepte “Regulating Procurement- understanding the ends and means of public procurement regulation”, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2004 (reprinted in 2006), pg. 122. 36 Taking into considerations these kinds of financial costs, some procurement regulations foresee that the economic operators, interested to participate in a procurement procedure, should pay to the contracting authority the cost of copying the tender documentation. See for example article 10 “Standard tender documents” of the Decision of Council of Ministers No. 914, dated 29.12.2014 “On approval of the public procurement rules”. 37 See A. Semple ‘A practical guide to public procurement’, Oxford University Press, United Kindom, 2015, pg. x. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 31 An example of a decision with direct impact in the management of these costs is to choose between the concentrated and decentralized procurement 38 . The issue whether centralization or decentralization is more appropriate, usually rises up when a certain organization or structure has reached a certain granditude and /or geographical expansion. When organizations grow, local structures cost control becomes more difficult; undoubtedly this problem is solved by assigning budgets to the decentralized structures, even though this measure does not necessarily mean efficient expenditures. A contracting authority can benefit from economies of scale by buying their requirements in bulk. This technique is appropriate for contracting authorities operating in similar sectors or in neighboring locations. This is most likely to be the case for products used from day to day where the various purchasers do not have any entity specific or differential technical requirements 39 . Concentration helps to considerably reduce the costs of purchase, mainly due to: Synergies (product of economy of scale, by avoiding duplication of efforts/work, through reduction of legal challenges); The more standardized the product/service, the bigger the advantage of contracting authorities to aggregate the request, as economic operators have the possibilities to make use of the economy of scale, by operating this way with a lower cost per unit 40 . In public procurement, centralization may save also in the case of doubled costs, such as notice publication costs 41 and other administrative costs. Increased expertise and exchange of know-how/resources Big organizations are commonly characterized by a high degree of expertise of human capital and produce at the same time a huge volume of information. Usually, the higher the level of concentration, the more information/know-how/data is shared among procurement experts. Generally, sharing of information improves the efficacy through the use of up-to-date data/information, share of common problems and solutions. 38 According to the Directive 2014/18/EC, paragraph 15 of the Introduction part is stated that “Certain centralized purchasing techniques have been developed in Member States. Several contracting authorities are responsible for making acquisitions or awarding public contracts/framework agreements for other contracting authorities. In view of the large volumes purchased, those techniques help increase competition and streamline public purchasing…” See also article 11 of the above mentioned Directive and article 11 of the PPL. 39 P. Trepte “Regulating Procurement- understanding the ends and means of public procurement regulation”, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2004 (reprinted in 2006), pg. 125. 40 Economies of scale emerge when the fix costs make up a considerable part of the production costs, i.e., of the costs that are independent from production scale. Production costs are composed by two components: fix costs and variable costs. The first component does not change through the production (or at least does not change within a certain production interval), while the second increases for every additional unit of production. 41 Publication of such notices in local or international newspapers is done toward payments. According to the Albanian procurement legislation, the contract notice of the procedures above the high threshold should be published in an international newspaper. See article 38 of PPL. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 32 Minimization of opportunities for corruption Favoritism and/or corruption may also happen at the central level. However, the higher visibility of concentrated purchase makes the “blooming” of this phenomenon more difficult 42 . 1.2 Components of public procurement, scope of application and exclusions To create the conditions for a procurement procedure, there should exist at the same time the following four elements: 1 The Contracting Authority (CA); 2 The Public Fund (state budget) available; 3 The need of the Contracting Authority for a public work, good or service; 4 The economic operators. 1.2.1. Contracting authority In the perspective of a public procurement process, a contracting authority is the one which run the process, aiming at awarding a public contract for supplies, services, or public works. The modern state employs a wide variety of institutional forms to carry out its functions; and this may make it difficult and uncertain to establish an appropriate boundary for rules that apply to “public bodies” but not to the “private” ones, including defining the general scope of administrative/public bodies for states that adopt a general distinction between t h e administrative/public law and private law 43 . Nevertheless, once a body falls within the definition of a ‘contracting authority’, all of its purchases of goods, works and services will be subject to the procedural requirements, even if these purchases are made for the purposes of tasks that are not, or even mostly not, in the general interest 44 . Once covered by the procurement regulations (the procurement Directive, or a national procurement law, such as the Albanian case), the authority is covered for all purchases within the definition of the given regulation. 42 According to the 2005 worldwide study on corruption entitled “Resistance to corruption in the public sector”, the international Consortium for Governmental Management of Finances (ICGMF) recommended a series of measures to reduce corruption, including the measure “to cure procurement propense to corruption by centralizing purchases”. ICGMF suggested that, whenever possible, to concentrate purchases in order to reduce the opportunities for extra-bid negotiation or other forms of corruption and to use electronic purchase, which reduce the freedom of actions with processes and limit personal interventions. 43 See S. Arrowsmith “Public Procurement: Basic Concepts and the Coverage of Procurement Rules”, Public Procurement Regulation-an introduction, pg. 5, Available on-line at http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pprg/documentsarchive/asialinkmaterials/publicprocurementregulationintrod uction.pdf . Retrieved on, 20.12.2014. 44 See Case C-44/96 Mannesmann Anlagenbau Austria AG and Others v Strohal Rotationsdruck GmbH (‘Mannesmann’) (1998) ECR I-73, paras 30-35. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 33 Anyway, especially in the case of a body governed by public law, the status of a contracting authority can change over time as a result of a change of its functions 45 or a change in its legal status 46 . The financing of the contracting authority may also change over time 47 . These all have an effect on the inclusion of the body within the definition of the procurement rules (a Directive, or a national law, in case of Albania), and therefore it is not possible to say, once and for all, whether a body is covered or not covered by these rules. The applicable rules on public procurement, generally, provide for the definition of the “contracting authority”. So, for example, the Albanian public procurement law, provides in article 3, point 14 that the term ‘Contracting authorities’ (in the public sector) means all those entities subject to the PPL for the execution of their public contracts. Namely, the following: a. Constitutional institutions, other central institutions, independent central institutions and local governing units, b. Any bodies: (i) Established for the specific purpose of meeting needs in the general interest, not having an industrial or commercial character; (ii) Having legal personality; and (iii) Financed, for the most part, by the State, regional or local authorities, or other public bodies; or subject to management supervision by those bodies; or having an administrative, managerial or supervisory board, more than half of whose members are appointed by the State, regional or local authorities, or by other public bodies; c. Associations formed by one or several of such authorities or one or several of such public bodies. The same definition is provided also by article 1, point 9 of the Directive 2004/18/EC 48 . On the other hand, the Directive 2014/24/EU goes further with its definitions, because 45 See Case C-470/99 Universale –Bau AG, Bietergemeinschaft: 1) Hinteregger & Söhne Bauges mbH Salzburg, 2) ÖSTŰ-STETTIN Hoch-und Tiefbau GmbH v Entsorgungsbetriebe Simmering GbmH (‘Univesale – Bau’) [2002] ECR I-11617. 46 See Case C-373/00 Adofl Truley GmbH v Bestattung Wien GmbH (‘Truley’) [2003] ECR I-1931. 47 See Case C-380/98 The Queen v HM Treasury, ex parte The University of Cambridge (‘Cambridge’) [2000] ECR 8035. 48 According to the article 1/9 of Directive 2004/18/EC ‘Contracting authorities’ means the State, regional or local authorities, bodies governed by public law, associations formed by one or several of such authorities or one or several of such bodies governed by public law. A "body governed by public law" means anybody: (a) established for the specific purpose of meeting needs in the general interest, not having an industrial or commercial character; (b) having legal personality; and (c) financed, for the most part, by the State, regional or local authorities, or other bodies governed by public law; or subject to management supervision by those bodies; or having an administrative, managerial or supervisory board, more than half of whose members are appointed by the State, regional or local authorities, or by other bodies governed by public law. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 34 except for that provided from the Directive 2004/18/EC, it is providing also for the definitions of the “central government authorities” and “sub-central contracting authorities” 49 . The major distinction that must be made is between the two main categories of public or contracting authority, namely: state, regional or local authorities (‘public authorities’) bodies governed by public law 1.2.1.1 Public authorities Public authorities are defined as `state, regional or local authorities’. This definition covers all state entities and not only the executive authority of the state, i.e. state administrations and regional or local authorities. The term `the state’ also encompasses all the bodies that exercise legislative, executive and judicial powers 50 . In the Vlaamse Raad case 51 , the European Court of Justice (ECJ) also dismissed the argument that the procurement rules did not apply to legislative bodies because of the independence and supremacy of the legislative authority. The Court found that “the term ‘the State’ referred to by the provision necessarily encompasses all the bodies, which exercise legislative, executive and judicial powers…”. 52 The definition of the state is broad and the ECJ has taken a particularly functional approach. It thus looks more at the actual function of the entity concerned than at the formal categorization that the entity has been given by internal law. In the Beentjes case 53 , the awarding authority was a body with no legal personality of its own, whose functions and composition were governed by legislation and its members appointed by the provincial executive of the province concerned. It was bound to apply rules laid down by a central committee established by royal decree, whose members were appointed by the Crown. The state ensured observance of the obligations arising out of measures of the committee and financed the public works contract awarded by the local committee in question. The ECJ held that the term `state’ must be interpreted in functional terms 54 . As a result, a body such as the awarding authority – whose composition and functions are 49 See Article 2 of the Directive 2014/24/EU 50 To include all categories of state institutions, exercising legislative, executive, or judicial powers, Albanian PPL has listed them as “constitutional institutions, other central institutions, independent central institutions and local governing units”. 51 Case C-323/96 Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Belgium (‘Vlaamse Raad’) [1998] ECR I-5063. Under the national law on procurement, which had apparently not correctly transposed the Works Directive of the time, the rules applied only to the executive authority. 52 See Case C-323/96, Vlaamse Raad, ibid, at para 27. 53 Case 31/87 Gebroeders Beentjes BV v State of the Netherlands (‘Beentjes’) [1998] ECR 46 35. 54 The same position is expressed by ECJ in the Case C-360/96 Gemeente Arnhem and GemeenteRheden v BFI Holding BV (‘Arnhem’) [1998] ECR I-6821, in the para 62 of which has been found that “…the term ‘Contracting Authority’, must be interpreted in functional terms and that, in view of the need, no distinction should be drawn by reference to the legal form of the provisions setting up the entity and specifying the needs it is to meet…”. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system Download 5.49 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling