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- 2015 49 1.2.4.1 ‘Procurement’ contracts
- 1.2.4.1.a Public works contracts
- 1.2.4.1.b Public supplies contract
- 1.2.4.1.c Public service contracts
- 1.2.4.2.a Supplies/services
2015 47 having as their object the execution of works, the supply of goods or the provision of services within the meaning of the said rules 114 . As made clear by the ‘public contract’ definition, there must be a “contract for pecuniary interest concluded in writing between one or more economic operators and one or more contracting authorities”. According to this definition, a public contract covered by the procurement rules, should meet three main conditions: - The contract must be for pecuniary interest, i.e. for money or money’s worth. There must be a financial consideration, no matter how it is paid. The contract must, furthermore, be for ‘pecuniary interest’. This means that there must be some kind of consideration for the contractor. This can take different forms, for example, the fact for a public administration to waive recovery of a fiscal contribution in exchange of some infrastructure works constitutes the pecuniary nature of the contract 115 . The fact that the payment only covers the fees of the contractor, but doesn’t cover any profit, doesn’t exclude the pecuniary nature of the contract. 116 - The contract must be in writing. Since the requirement is for a contract in writing, it would seem that an oral contract may escape the provisions of the Directive. However, it is unlikely that any contract, which would otherwise fall within the terms of the Directives, could be concluded orally, not only for the reasons relating to the complexity of such contracts and the specific requirements of the contracting entities but also because of the amounts of pecuniary interest involved 117 . It is difficult to imagine that arrangements where a contracting authority is a party and the value of which exceeds the threshold laid down in the directives would not be recorded in writing 118 . However, in any case, even arrangements that are not written are subject to the provisions of the Treaty 119 . - The contract must be between two parties: the economic operator and the contracting entity. There are situations in the public sector, however, where agreements are not made between two separate and distinct parties, and therefore there is no contract according to this definition. Arrangements made between departments of the same organization, for example, would not ordinarily be covered by the procurement rules 120 . 114 This definition is the same for both acts we are discussing in this Chapter; Albanian PPL and Directive 2004/18/EC. See respectively article 3(2) of the PPL and article 1 (2) (a) of the Directive. The same definition is provided also by the new Public Sector Directive 2014/24/EU, see article 2(5). 115 Case C-399/98, Ordine degli Architetti delle Province di Milano e Lodi and Others v Comune di Milano [2001] ECR I-5409. 116 Case C-159/11, Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Lecce and Università del Salento v Ordine degli Ingegneri della Provincia di Lecce and Others [2012]. 117 P. Trepte “Public Procurement in the EU - a practitioner’s Guide, Second Edition”, published by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2007, pg. 186, para 4.06. 118 A. Tokár Institutional Report, “Public Procurement Law: Limitations, Opportunities and Paradoxes”, The XXVI FIDE Congress in Copenhagen 2014 Congress Publications Vol. 3, DJØF Publishing, Copenhagen 2014, pg 184. 119 See case C-532/03 (no. 110 above). 120 This rule is valuable only if we refer to the relationship between departments of the same organization. As soon as these structures become separate legal entities, however, any arrangement between them Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 48 This is because there would normally not be any contractual relationship between the various departments of a single organization. As such, the procurement rules cannot be applied to unilateral relationships, for instance when an entity’s intervention derives from its statute 121 . The question on whether or not the relationship relies on a proper contract can sometimes be asked 122 . In an ECJ case, the Court held that: “[…] the requirement for the application of the directives governing the award of public service contracts relating to the existence of a contract was not met where the company in issue in the case had no choice as to the acceptance of a demand made by the competent authorities in question or as to the tariff for services.” 123 . The Court later reduced the impact of this solution, stating that it was applicable when the administration was the only possible customer of the company 124 . On the other hand, an arrangement may be covered even when it is not a contract under the domestic law definition of a contract: as with other concepts under the Directives, an EU law definition of the concept of a contract applies 125 . This helps to ensure that the Directives catch all acquisitions involving a risk of national preferences and to avoid significant divergences in coverage based on the irrelevant criterion of the domestic law definition of contract 126 . becomes a ‘contract’ between two parties, with one being a contracting entity, and the other an economic operator. When this happens, the procurement of goods, works and services between the ‘parent’ contracting entity and the ‘owned’ economic operator becomes a procurement contract between those parties. This means that the contract must be awarded using the provisions of the Public Sector Directive so that the contracting entity may not make a direct award of a contract to its own company. This situation has been confirmed by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). In the rather important case of Teckal (see footnote no 100 above), the ECJ held that it was sufficient to apply the arrangements set out in the Directive “if the contract was concluded between, on the one hand, a local authority and, on the other, a person legally distinct from that local authority”. It then went on to say, however, that the situation would be different if, in effect, the contracting entity controlled the company as if it were one of its departments. This would take the arrangement outside the scope of the Public Sector Directive. 121 See Case C‑532/03, (no.110 above); See also A.Brown «The Commission Loses another Action against Ireland Owing to Lack of Evidence: A Note on Case C-532/03 Commission v Ireland » in Public Procurement Law Review, 2008, NA9. 122 See R. Noguellou “Scope and Coverage of the EU Procurement Directives”, Part I ‘Substantive EU Public Procurement Law’, “EU Public Contract Law- Public Procurement and beyond”, Administrative Law, Publisher: Bruylant, Bruxelles 2014, pg. 25. 123 See Case 295/05, ‘Asemfo’ (no. 112 above), paragraph 51. 124 Case C‑220/06, Asociación Profesional de Empresas de Reparto y Manipulado de Correspondencia [2007] ECR I-12175. 125 See case C-220/05, Jean Auroux v Comune de Roanne [2007] E.C.R. I-00385, para.40 and Case C‑220/06, Asociación Profesional de Empresas de Reparto y Manipulado de Correspondencia [2007] ECR I-12175, para.50, where the ECJ stated that the classification of an arrangement as contractual or otherwise under domestic law was irrelevant for determining the scope of the Directive. 126 See also S. Arrowsmith “Law of Public and Utilities Procurement”, Volume 1, Third Edition, Sweet & Maxwell, London 2014, para. 6-05. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 49 1.2.4.1 ‘Procurement’ contracts The procurement legislation (neither the Public Sector Directive 2004/18, nor the PPL) does not give any particular definition of a ‘procurement’ contract, but only certain contracts, in concrete three types of contracts fall within the scope of this legislation referring to them as ‘public works’ contracts, ‘public supply’ contracts and ‘public services’ contracts. On the other hand, the new Public Sector Directive 2014/24 in its article 1(2) does provide for a new definition: ‘Procurement within the meaning of this Directive is the acquisition by means of a public contract of works, supplies or services by one or more contracting authorities from economic operators chosen by those contracting authorities, whether or not the works, supplies or services are intended for a public purpose’ 127 . The definition of procurement brings an additional requirement – ‘acquisition’– to the definition of public contract as provided by the Directive 128 . 1.2.4.1.a Public works contracts The procurement rules do give a definition of ‘public works contracts’, according to which works contracts are public contracts having as their object either the execution, or both the design and execution of works or a work, or the realization, by whatever means, of a work corresponding to the requirements specified by the contracting authority. A "work" means the outcome of building or civil engineering works taken as a whole, which is sufficient of itself to fulfill an economic or technical function. 129 As 127 The procurement concept is elaborated also at the Recital of the Directive 2014/24/EU, which provides that: ‘The increasingly diverse forms of public action have made it necessary to define more clearly the notion of procurement itself; that clarification should not however broaden the scope of this Directive compared to that of Directive 2004/18/EC. The Union rules on public procurement are not intended to cover all forms of disbursement of public funds, but only those aimed at the acquisition of works, supplies or services for consideration by means of a public contract. It should be clarified that such acquisitions of works, supplies or services should be subject to this Directive whether they are implemented through purchase, leasing or other contractual forms. 128 R. Caranta “Mapping the margins of EU public contracts law: covered, mixed, excluded and special contracts”, François Lichère, Roberto Caranta and Steen Treumer (eds.) “Modernizing Public Procurement. The New Directive”; 1. Edition, Djøf Publishing, Copenhagen 2014, pg 69. 129 This is the definition of public works contracts and “works” concept provided by the Albanian PPL in the articles 3(8) and (9). This definition is the same as the one of the Directive 2004/18/EC, with the only difference that that Directive does refer to “a list of activities provided by its Annex one”. More specifically, the definition given by the Directive in article 1 (2) (b), in this respect is “Public works contracts" are public contracts having as their object either the execution, or both the design and execution, of works related to one of the activities within the meaning of Annex I or a work, or the realization, by whatever means, of a work corresponding to the requirements specified by the contracting authority. A "work" means the outcome of building or civil engineering works taken as a whole, which is sufficient of itself to fulfill an economic or technical function. This difference is explained by the fact that Albania is not an EU Member State and as such the Annexes of the Directive are not applicable. Almost the same definition is provided also by the Directive 2014/24/EU, which changes somehow the wording, but not the content. See article 2(6). Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 50 it is clearly stated by the given definition, the ‘design and build’ contracts also fall within this definition, as the possibility of including design works into a works contract is also foreseen. This could include for example, contracts covering the designation of a project as well as its execution. For the second part of the definition, a ‘work’ is the outcome of building or civil engineering works taken as a whole that is sufficient of itself to fulfill an economic and technical function. This definition is relevant for a number of reasons, notably in the context of the realization of works by any means and for the purpose of assessing the threshold values 130 and consequently, in deciding whether a single requirement for works has been split up with a view to bringing contracts below the relevant threshold value. 131 1.2.4.1.b Public supplies contract According to the procurement rules, ‘public supply contracts’ are public contracts having as their object the purchase, lease, rental or hire purchase, with or without option to buy, of products 132 . Except for the definition of the public supply contracts, the Albanian PPL does provide for a definition of ‘products’ as well. According to article 3 (7) of the PPL, “a ‘product’ is any material thing, which can be economically evaluated”. 133 Although there is no a definition given by Directive, for what will be called a ‘product’ or ‘good’, the ECJ’ jurisprudence has defined goods as products, which can be valued in money 134 . Despite this, difficulties have arisen over what may be termed ‘intangible’ goods, which includes the transmission of electronic signals. The ECJ has held that the broadcasting 135 and transmission 136 of television signals are services, not goods. Electricity, on the other hand, is defined as goods. 137 Production and broadcast can thus 130 See for example case C -16/98 Commission of the European Communities v French Republic (Sydev) [2000] ECR I-8315. 131 P. Trepte “Public Procurement in the EU- a practitioner’s Guide, Second Edition”, published by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2007, pg. 213, para 4.54. 132 This is the definition of public supply contracts provided by the Albanian PPL in the article 3(6). This definition is the same with the one of the Directive 2004/18/EC, which provide in the article 1(2) (d) that ‘Public supply contracts" are public contracts other than those referred to in (b) having as their object the purchase, lease, rental or hire purchase, with or without option to buy, of products. The same definition is provided by the Directive 2014/24/EU, see article 2 (8). 133 Directive 2004/18/EC does not define the term “product” or ‘good”. The Court’s jurisprudence in the context of the free movement of goods would seem, however, to consider goods to be products, which can be valued in money and which are capable as such of forming the subject of commercial transactions. See for example Cf case 7/68 Commission v Italy [1968] ECR 423. 134 See the footnote no. 129 above. 135 See case 155/73 Giuseppe Sacchi [1974] ECR 409. 136 See case 52/79 Procureur du Roi v Marc J.V.C. Debauve and others [1980] ECR 833. 137 See case C-393/92 Municipality of Almelo and others v NV EnergiebedrijfIjsselmij [1994] ECR I-1477. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 51 give raise both to the goods and services. Similarly, some products could be considered to be both goods and services as it is for example IT software. 138 1.2.4.1.c Public service contracts ‘Public service contracts’ are public contracts having as their object the provision of services. 139 Even though this definition does not differ too much in the content from the one of the Public Sector Directive, it is not exactly the same. More specifically, article 1 (2) (d) of the Directive provides that "Public service contracts" are public contracts other than public works or supply contracts having as their object the provision of services referred to in Annex II. It seems that the aim of the Directive giving such a definition is to cover all contracts for pecuniary interest, which do not fall within the definitions of works and supplies contracts 140 . Also, as in the case of the work contracts, the Directive does refer to one of its Annexes for the list of services covered 141 . 1.2.4.2 Mixed contracts The public procurement legislation (both Public Sector Directive and PPL) contains provisions on how to categorize a contract containing elements of works and/or supplies and/or services. The distinctions are relevant in the case of mixed supplies and services contracts. It is an issue also in the case of works contracts that contain elements of supplies or services, given the much higher thresholds that apply to works contracts. The way in which mixed contracts are categorized depends on the subjects and types of contracts, which are mixed. On the other hand, the new Public Sector Directive 2014/24/EU, does provide in a specific article 142 for a definition of “mixed procurement”, according to which ‘contracts, which have as their subject two or more types of procurement (works, services or supplies) shall be awarded in accordance with the provisions applicable to the type of procurement that characterizes the main subject of the contract in question’. Article 3(2) is dedicated to mixed procurements in the traditional sense of mixes of works, supplies, and services 143 . Concerning other mixed contracts, Article 3(3) 138 P. Trepte “Public Procurement in the EU- a practitioner’s Guide, Second Edition”, published by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2007, pg. 224, para 4.84. 139 This is the definition of public service contracts provided by the Albanian PPL in the article 3(5). 140 The Directive 2014/24/EU changes somehow this definition, providing that ‘public service contracts’ means public contracts having as their object the provision of services other than design services covered by the definition of woks contracts. See article 2 (9). 141 The services covered are defined by reference to the United Nations’ Central Product Classifications (CPC) and the Annex referred to above set out the services by name together with the relevant CPC category. 142 See article 2(3) of the Directive 2014/24/EU. 143 These contracts were already regulated in Directive 2004/18/EC, whose provisions are basically repeated with the adjustments necessary after social and special services have taken the place of non- priority services. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 52 introduces a different regime according to whether the different parts of a given contract are objectively separable or not 144 . This implies that the contracting authorities are now expressly empowered to shape complex contractual arrangements provided that this does not translate in bringing the resulting contract outside the scope of application of the Public Sector Directive 145 . 1.2.4.2.a Supplies/services Essentially, contracts containing elements of both products and services will be treated as one or the other type of contract depending on the value represented by each element 146 . According to PPL, ‘a public contract having as its object both products and services shall be considered to be a ‘public service contract’ if the value of the services in question exceeds that of the products covered by the contract 147 . Based on this definition, it is understood that where the value is equal, it will be considered as a supplies contract. 1.2.4.2.b Works/services In the case of works and services, the procurement rules do not provide for a value test, as above, but include a test based on the principal object of the contract, as opposed to considerations that are merely incidental to that object 148 . As such, a public contract having as its object services and including works that are only incidental to the principal object of the contract shall be considered to be a “public service contract”. 149 The 144 According to Recital 11 of the new Directive 2014/24/EU it should be clarified “how contracting authorities should determine whether the different parts are separable or not. Such clarification should be based on the relevant case-law of the Court of Justice. The determination should be carried out on a case- by-case basis; expressed or presumed intentions of the contracting authority to regard the various aspects making up a mixed contract as indivisible should not be sufficient, but should be supported by objective evidence capable of justifying them and of establishing the need to conclude a single contract. Such a justified need to conclude a single contract could for instance be present in the case of the construction of one single building, a part of which is to be used directly by the contracting authority concerned and another part to be operated on a concessions basis, for instance to provide parking facilities to the public. It should be clarified that the need to conclude a single contract may be due to reasons both of a technical nature and of an economic nature”. 145 R. Caranta “Mapping the margins of EU public contracts law: covered, mixed, excluded and special contracts”, François Lichère, Roberto Caranta and Steen Treumer (eds.) “Modernizing Public Procurement. The New Directive”; 1. Edition, Djøf Publishing, Copenhagen 2014, pg 79. 146 See case Case C-300/07 Hans & Christophorus Oymanns GbR, Orthopädie Schuhtechnik v AOK Rheinland/Hamburg, ECR [2009]. 147 See article 3 (6) of the PPL. 148 P. Trepte “Public Procurement in the EU- a practitioner’s Guide, Second Edition”, published by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2007, pg. 236, para 4.109. 149 See article 3(5) of the PPL and article 1(2) (d) para 2 of the Directive 2004/18/EC. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system Download 5.49 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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