J. I. A L im j o n o V a, A. A. Is m a t o V
- §. Fononlar va ularning tabiati
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Fonon deb, kristall panjaraning hayajonlangan norm al tebra- nishi bir energiya sathidan unga yaqin joylashgan ikkinchi sathga
- 49- §. Silikatlarning issiqlik sig‘imi 0 ‘zg a rm a s h a jm d a g i q a ttiq jis m n in g issiq lik s i g ‘im i deb
- C v = d U / dT, b u y e r d a : U
- 50- §. Silikat moddalarning issiqlik o ‘tkazuvchanligi
- I s s iq lik o M k a zu v c h a n lik k o e ff its iy e n ti
- 51- §. Termik kengayish
- 52- §. Silikat moddalarning magnit xossalari
48- §. Fononlar va ularning tabiati Q a t t i q h o l a t d a g i m o d d a l a r n i n g z a r r a c h a l a r i o r a s id a to rtilish va itarilish k u c h l a r i m a v j u d boMadi. Z a r r a c h a l a r o r a s id a g i m a s o f a m a M u m b i r o M c h a m g a y e t g a n i d a k u c h l a r t e n g l a s h i b , k ris ta ll m u v o z a n a t h o l a t n i e g a l l a y d i . L e k i n , k r i s t a l l p a n j a r a l a r n i n g t u g u n l a r i d a o ' r n a s h g a n z a r r a c h a l a r issiqlik h a r a k a t i d a boMib, m u v o z a n a t h o l a t i n u q t a s i d a n 0,1 A m a s o f a g a t e n g a m p l i t u d a d a t e b r a n i b t u r a d i , b u esa q o ‘s h n i z a r r a c h a l a r o r a s id a g i m a s o f a n i n g 5 — 7 % ni t a s h k il e ta d i. Z a r r a c h a l a r n i n g t e b r a n i s h h a r a k a t i j u d a m u r a k k a b boMib, b u n d a t e b r a n a y o t g a n z a r r a c h a o ‘z y o n i d a g i b a r c h a q o ‘s h n i z a r r a c h a l a r b i l a n o ' z a r o t a ’s i r d a boM adi. Q o ‘s h n i z a r r a c h a l a r o r a s id a g i m a s o f a va t a ’sir k u c h i a n i z o t r o p x a r a k t e r g a e g a d ir . H a r Nazorat savollari q a n d a y t e b r a n is h n i 2 ta k o ‘n d a l a n g va 1 ta b o 'y l a m a te b r a n i s h l a r g a b o ‘lish m u m k i n . B u n d a t e b r a n i s h n i turli d a v r va a m p l i t u d a b ila n t e b r a n a y o t g a n s in u s o id a l t e b r a n i s h l a m i n g y ig ‘in disiga t e n g d e b t a s a v v u r qilish m u m k i n . D e m a k , kristallda b o ‘y l a m a v a k o ‘n d a la n g ravishdagi sin u so id a l toM q in la r v u ju d g a kelib, u l a r n i n g so n i kristall p a n j a r a t u g u n l a r i s o n i n i n g u c h g a k o ‘p a y t m a s i g a t e n g boMadi. U s h b u b o ‘y l a m a va k o ‘n d a l a n g toM qinlar k r i s ta l l n in g yuzasiga kelib, u n d a n q a y t a r i - la y o t g a n va t o ‘q n a s h k e l a y o t g a n toM qinlar b i l a n q o ‘sh ilib t a r a n g va diskret holdagi toM qinlardan ib o rat m u r a k k a b tiz im n i hosil qiladi. U s h b u toM qinlarni t o rn i c h e r t g a n d a v u judga k e la d ig a n toM qinlarga o ‘x s h a tis h m u m k i n . K ristalld ag i t a r a n g h o ld a g i issiqlik to M q in la rin in g hosil boMish m e x a n i z im i n i h a m to v u s h toM qinlarining m e x a n i z m i g a o ‘xshatiladi. U l a r n i n g c h a s to t a s i j u d a k e n g boMib, to v u s h c h a s t o t a la r i 102— 101 d a n 1 0 IJ G s g a c h a y e ta d i. B u to M q in la rn in g t a r q a l is h tezligi to v u s h t o M q in la rin in g t a r q a l is h tezlig ig a t e n g d ir. T a r a n g to M q in la rn in g u z u n lig i t u r l i c h a , lek in k o ‘p q is m i k alta t o M q in la rd a n ib o ra t. Issiqlik to M q inla rining e n e rg iy a si e le k t r o m a g n it to M q in la rin in g e n e r g i y a s i g a o ‘x s h a b , k v a n t x a r a k t e r i g a e g a . A g a r y o ru g M ik e n e r g iy a s in in g kvanti foton d e b a ta ls a , to v u s h e n e rg iy a s in in g k vanti fon on d ey ila d i. F o n o n l a r v a k u u m d a m a v ju d boMa o l m a y d i la r , u l a r n a m o y o n boMishi u c h u n m aM um b i r m o d d iy m u h i t m a v j u d boMishi s h a r t. U l a r k v a z i z a r r a c h a l a r g u r u h i g a m a n s u b d i r l a r . F o n o n l a r z a r r a c h a l a r t i z i m i d a h a r a k a t n i n g e l e m e n t a r t a s h u v c h i l a r i h i s o b la n a d i. F o n o n l a r kristall p a n j a r a d a ta r q a lib , b i r - b i r i b i l a n t o ‘q - n a sh g a n d a yoki kristall p anjara n u qsonlari bilan t o ‘q n a s h g a n d a ta rq o q holga keladi. Fonon deb, kristall panjaraning hayajonlangan norm al tebra- nishi bir energiya sathidan unga yaqin joylashgan ikkinchi sathga o'tish ja ra y o n id a yutgan y o k i chiqargan energiyasining m inim al porsiyasiga aytiladi. K v a n t m e x a n i k a s ig a k o ‘ra , z a r r a c h a l a r a b s o l u t n ol h o l a t i d a h a m t i n c h h o l a t d a t u r a o l m a y d i . M o d d a n i n g e n g p a s t e n e r g e t i k h o lati T = 0 ° K d a m a v ju d boMib, u h o l a t h a m a l o h i d a h a r a k a t h o lati y o k i n o l h o l a t d e b a ta la d i. N o l h a r a k a t h o l a t i d a z a r r a c h a n i n g d i s k r e t x a r a k t e r i n a m o y o n b o M m a y d i , y a ’ni b u n d a k v a z i z a r r a c h a l a r m a v j u d b o M m a y d i. K r i s ta l l d a g i k v a z i z a r r a c h a l a r n i n g d i n a m i k x u s u s i y a t i b i l a n n o l h a r a k a t i n i n g x a r a k t e r i yigMlib, j i s m n i n g e n e r g e t i k s p e k trin i hosil qiladi. Q a t t i q m o d d a l a r d a u l a r u c h u n xos boM gan D e b a y t e m p e r a t u r a s i m a v ju d b o ‘ladi. B u t e m p e r a t u r a d a n p a s t t e m p e r a t u r a d a d i s k r e t k v a n t x a r a k t e r g a e g a n o r m a l te b r a n i s h l a r n i n g sp e k tri t o ‘liq n a m o y o n b o i a d i . T e m p e r a t u r a n i n g b u n d a n o s h is h i y angi n o r m a l t e b r a n i s h l a r n i v u j u d g a k e ltirm a y d i: 0 = hv / R , max ' ’ b u y e rd a : v max — z a r r a c h a l a m i n g issiqlik t e b r a n i s h i d a g i m a k s im a l c h a s to t a s i ; R — B o l s m a n d o im iy s i; h — P l a n k d o im iy s i. D e b a y t e m p e r a t u r a s i kristall p a n ja r a tu g u n la ri o rasidagi tortilish k u c h i g a b o g ‘liq boMadi v a q a t t i q j i s m n i n g p a r a m e t r i h i s o b l a n a d i. T « 0 s o h a past te m p e r a t u r a sohasi deb, T > 0 esa yuqori t e m p e r a tu ra so h a s i d e b a ta la d i. 0 k o ‘p g i n a m o d d a l a r u c h u n 3 0 0 — 800 °C ga t e n g d i r , le k in u n d a n h a m y u q o r i boMishi m u m k i n . M a s a l a n , o l m o s d a 0 = 2 0 0 0 °C dir. 49- §. Silikatlarning issiqlik sig‘imi 0 ‘zg a rm a s h a jm d a g i q a ttiq jis m n in g issiq lik s i g ‘im i deb , tem p era tu ra sin i Г С ga o ‘zgartirish uchun jis m ich k i en ergi yasining т а 'lum m iqdorga о ‘zgarishiga a ytiladi. 0 ‘z g a r m a s h a j m d a g i v a o ' z g a r m a s b o s i m d a g i issiqlik s ig M m la rin in g o r a s id a g i fa rq 3 — 5 % g a t e n g boMib, b u f a r q t e m p e r a t u r a n i n g o s h i s h i b i l a n o r t i b b o r a d i : C v = d U / dT, b u y e r d a : U — j i s m n i n g ic h k i en e rg iy asi. D e m a k , issiqlik sigMmi j i s m ic h k i e n e r g i y a s i n i n g t e m p e r a t u r a b o ‘y i c h a b i r l a m c h i h o sila sid ir. Q a t t i q j i s m n i n g ic h k i e n e rg iy a si z a r r a c h a l a m i n g t e b r a n m a h a r a k a t e n e rg iy a s id a n va u l a r n i n g o ‘z a ro p o te n sia l e n e rg iy asid an tash k il to p a d i. Issiqlik sigMmi n a z a riy a s in in g a so siy m a v z u s i boMib Cv n i n g Г b ila n bogM anishi h i s o b la n a d i. P ast t e m p e r a t u r a s h a r o it i d a T « 0 p a n j a r a e n e rg iy as i V b ilan m u t a n o s i b ra v is h d a o r t i b b o ra d i: E ~ T A panjara Issiqlik sigMmi esa Г 3 ga m u t a n o s i b ra v ish d a ortad i: С ~ T \ \ U s h b u ib o ra D e b a y q o n u n i n i aks e t t i r a d i , u p a s t t e m p e r a t u r a s h a r o itid a bajariladi. Y u q o ri t e m p e r a t u r a s h a r o iti d a q a t t i q jis m e n e r g iy a s in in g o ‘zg a rish i fa q a t n o rm a l te b ra n is h la m in g h a y a jo n la n is h d a ra ja s in in g o rtis h i h iso b ig a r o 'y b e r a d i, b u esa u la rn in g o ‘r ta c h a e n e rg iy a s in i o s h ira d i, b u n d a : E ~ T pailj issiqlik sig‘im i esa te m p e r a tu r a g a bogMiq boM m ay q o lad i: С = d E / d T = c o n s t. v panj ' U s h b u ib o ra D y u lo n g va P ti q o n u n i d e b a ta la d i. Y u q o ri va p a st te m p e r a tu r a m a y d o n i o ra sid a k a tta k en g lik d a o ‘rta c h a te m p e r a tu r a m u h iti m a v ju d boM ib, u n d a D e b a y q o n u n id a n s e k in -a s ta D y u lo n g va P ti q o n u n ig a oM iladi. K ristall stru k tu ra li k e ra m ik m a te ria lla rn in g issiqlik sigMmi D y u lo n g v a P ti q o n u n ig a b o ‘y s u n a d i, u n in g q iy m a ti ta x m in a n 24,7 J /g . a to m . °K ga teng. Issiqlik sigMmi past te m p e ra tu ra d a ju d a k o ‘p m iq d o r d a o ‘z g a ra d i, y u q o ri t e m p e r a tu r a d a e sa , a y n iq s a , 1000°C d a n k ey in u n c h a o ‘z g a rm a y d i. Issiq lik sigMmi m o d d a n in g o ‘z ig a g in a xos x u s u s iy a t, u m o d d a s tru k tu ra s ig a bogMiq e m a s . U m o d d a n in g g 'o v a k lig i, z ic h lig i, k ris ta lla m in g o M cham lari v a b o s h q a o m illa r b o ‘y ic h a h a m o ‘zg a rm ay d i. S h u sa b a b d a n , stru k tu ra tuzilishi h a r xil boMgan b ir xil tark ib li m o d d a n in g issiqlik sigMmi b ir xil boMadi. 50- §. Silikat moddalarning issiqlik o ‘tkazuvchanligi A g a rd a b ir o r q a ttiq m o d d a n in g ik k a la u c h i h a r x il t e m p e r a tu r a d a u s h la b tu rils a , u n d a issiq lik n in g u z lu k siz o q im i v u ju d g a k e la d i. B u n d a h a r b i r tu g u n issiq to m o n b o 'y i c h a q o ‘s h n i boM gan tu g u n c h a g a n is b a ta n k a m r o q a m p litu d a b ila n v a s o v u q ro q to m o n b o 'y ic h a q o ‘shni boMgan tu g u n c h a g a n isb a ta n esa k o ‘p ro q a m p litu d a b ila n te b r a n a b o sh la y d i. d & = - X d T / d x - d s - dt, b u y e r d a : 0 — i s s iq li k o q i m i ; s — k o 'n d a l a n g k e s i m y u z a s i; / — v a q t; d T / d x — t e m p e r a tu r a g ra d iy e n ti; X — p ro p r o ts io n a llik k o e ffits iy e n ti, y a ’ni issiq lik o M k a z u v c h a n lik k o e ffits iy e n ti. I s s iq lik o M k a zu v c h a n lik k o e ff its iy e n ti d e b , te m p e r a tu r a g ra d iy e n ti birga teng bo ‘Igan sh a ro itd a y u z a birligi orq a li v a q t birligi ic h id a n a m u n a d a n o 'tg a n issiq lik m iqdoriga a ytila d i. K ris ta lla rd a issiq lik h a r a k a ti f o n o n la r o rq a li oM adi. Y u q o r i t e m p e r a t u r a s h a r o i t i d a is s iq lik o ‘t k a z u v c h a n l i k k o e ffitsiy e n ti a b so lu t te m p e r a tu ra g a te s k a ri m u ta n o s ib b o ‘ladi. P ast te m p e r a t u r a s h a r o itid a esa , y a ’ni D e b a y t e m p e r a tu r a s id a n p a s t te m p e r a tu ra d a issiqlik oM kazuvchanlik koeffitsiyenti T 3 ga m u ta n o sib boMadi: X ~ T \ B u n d a y bogM anish d ie le k trik x u su siy a tg a eg a boM gan q a ttiq m o d d a la r d a k u z a tila d i. M e ta lla rd a d ie le k trik la rd a n farq li ra v ish d a , is s iq lik n in g tash ilish i fa q a t f o n o n la r o rq a lig in a a m a lg a o s h m a y , b u ja r a y o n d a e r k in h o ld a g i e le k tr o n la r h a m is h tiro k e ta d i. Y u q o r i t e m p e r a t u r a s h a r o it i d a t o z a m e t a l l a r n i n g is s iq lik oM kazuvchanligi te m p e ra tu ra g a bogMik boM m aydi, p ast te m p e r a tu ra s h a ro itid a esa, D e b a y q o n u n in in g bajarilish ch e g ara sid a m e ta lla rn in g issiqlik oM k azu v ch an lig i a b so lu t te m p e r a tu ra n in g k v a d ra tig a te sk a ri m u ta n o s ib boM adi: X ~ 1 / 7 4 kr ' OMa p a s t, y a ’ni a b s o lu t n o lg a y a q in te m p e r a tu r a d a , issiq lik o M k a z u v c h a n lik te m p e r a tu ra g a m u ta n o s ib boMadi: X ~ T. kr P a n ja r a v iy is s iq lik o M k a zu v c h a n lik d e b , issiq lik n in g ta s h ilis h i k ris ta ll p a n ja r a tu g u n la rin in g te b ra n is h i o rq a li a m a lg a o s h irilis h ja ra y o n ig a ay tilad i. B u n d a y issiqlik o M k azu v ch an lik m e ta llm a sla rg a xos. A g a rd a issiq lik n in g ta s h ilis h id a k rista ll p a n ja r a la r n in g t u g u n - la r id a n ta s h q a r i, j a m la n g a n e le k tr o n la r h a m is h tiro k e ts a v a u la r b ir v a q tn in g o ‘zid a e le k tr z a ry a d in i h a m ta sh u v c h is i h is o b la n s a , b u n d a y issiq lik o M k a z u v c h a n lik e le k tr o n is s iq lik o M k a zu v c h a n lik d ey ilad i. E le k tro n issiqlik oM k azu v ch an lik m e ta lla rg a x osd ir. Y e ta r lic h a y u q o ri t e m p e r a tu r a s h a r o itid a p a n ja ra v iy issiq lik o ‘tk a z u v c h a n lik e le k tr o n issiq lik o M k a z u v c h a n lik n in g 1— 2% ni ta s h k il e ta d i, xalos. 51- §. Termik kengayish J is m n i q iz d iris h d a v rid a u n in g z a r r a c h a la r i o ra s id a g i o ‘rta c h a m a so fa o rta d i va jism kengayadi: a = 1 / 1 - d l / d T , bu yerda: / — T tem p eratu rad a kristallning uzunligi; d l — te m p e r a tu r a n in g J 7 ’g a o ‘zgarishi n atijasid a v u ju d g a kelg an te rm ik d e fo rm a tsiy a . M o n o k ris ta ll ich id a turli y o 'n a lish b o 'y la b te r m i k k en g a y ish n in g m i q d o r i t u r l i c h a boMadi. U l a r n i n g 3 t a kristall o 'q l a r i b o ‘y ic h a q i y m a t l a r i k rista lln in g t e r m i k k e n g a y is h k o e f fitsiy e n tin i ifo d a la y d i ( 1 1 -ja d v a l). T e r m i k kengayish koeffitsiyenti issiqlik sigMmiga m u t a n o s ib d ir . a ~ C v. Y u q o r i t e m p e r a t u r a s h a r o it i d a u t e m p e r a t u r a g a d e y a rli bogMiq e m a s , past t e m p e r a tu r a s h a ro itid a esa te r m i k kengayish koeffitsiyenti t e m p e r a t u r a n i n g p a s a y i s h i b i l a n k i c h r a y a d i v a a b s o l u t n o l g a y a q i n l a s h g a n sari 0 ga te n g l a s h a d i. / 1-jadval Uy temperaturasida ba’zi kristallaming termik kengayish koeffitsiyenti Signoniya Kristall a i. a 22 a 33 Kubik olmos 0,6 Tetragonal P-Sn 30,5 15,5 Geksagonal a-kvars 13,7 7,5 Rom boedrik kalsiy - 5 , 5 6 24,9 Rombik a - u 21,7 - 1 , 5 23,2 M onoklin para-nitroanilin 150,3 7,5 24,0 52- §. Silikat moddalarning magnit xossalari H a m m a m o d d a l a r m a g n i t a k tiv lik k a e g a d ir. M a g n e t i z m n i n g e l e k t r o n n a z a r i y a s i g a b i n o a n , a t o m n i n g m a g n i t x u s u s i y a t l a r i b a t a m o m e l e k t r o n n i n g m a g n i t l a n i s h i b il a n o M c h a n a d i , c h u n k i a t o m d a g i b o s h q a z a r r a c h a l a m i n g , y a ’ni p r o t o n va n e y t r o n n i n g m a g n i t l a n i s h xu su siy ati e l e k t r o n n i k i d a n u c h d a r a j a p a s td ir. K u c h l a n g a n l i g i /V, in d u k t iv l i g i VQ boM gan i z o t r o p m a g n i t m a y d o n i g a h a j m i V boM gan m o d d a k iritild i. M a g n i t m a y d o n i t a ’s ir i d a m o d d a m a g n i t l a n i b , M m a g n i t m o m e n t i v u j u d g a kelad i. A n a s h u m a g n i t m o m e n t i n i n g m o d d a h a j m i g a boM gan n i s b a ti m ag n itlan gan lik deyiladi: M a g n i t l a n g a n l i k v e k t o r x a r a k t e r g a e g a b o ‘lib , u m a y d o n k u c h l a n g a n l i g i g a p a r a l l e l v a n o p a r a l l e l b o M i s h i m u m k i n . M a g n i t l a n g a n l i k n i m a y d o n in d u k tiv lig ig a boM gan n is b a ti m ag n it q a bu l qiluvchanlik d ey iladi: X= / m / B0- U n i n g oM chov birligi boM m aydi. B u n d a n t a s h q a r i m a g n i t s i n g d i r u v c h a n l i k h a m b o r: Ц = х + 1 1 = 1 E n d i m a g n i t m a y d o n i t a ’s irid a m o d d a d a q a n d a y o 'z g a r i s h l a r b o M a y o tg a n in i k u z a ta m i z . A g a r t a s h q i m a y d o n t a ’sirid a e l e k t r o n m a g n it m o m e n t i m a y d o n kuchlanganligiga q a r a m a - q a r s h i y o ‘nalgan boMsa, u h o l d a m o d d a ta s h q i m a y d o n y o ‘n alishiga n i s b a t a n teskari y o ‘nalishda m ag n itla n ib qoladi. N a tija d a , tashqi m a y d o n t a ’siri ostida e l e k t r o n l a r n i n g a y l a n m a h a r a k a t i su say a d i. B u h o d i s a d ia m a g n it effek t dey ilad i. D ia m a g n itla rd a x < 1 shuningdek, manfiy boMadi. U tem p eratu rag a h a m , m a y d o n k u c h l a n g a n lig i g a h a m bogMiq b o M m aydi, c h u n k i d i a m a g n i t effekt fa q a t a t o m ichidagi e l e k t r o n l a r n i n g h a r a k a t i bilan o M ch a n ad i. Bu h a r a k a t g a esa h a r o r a t t a ’sir q i l m a y d i. D i a m a g n i t effekt e le m e n tn i n g ta rtib ra q a m i g a bogMiq. D i a m a g n i t effekt h a m m a m o d d a l a r d a n a m o y o n boMadi, lekin u n i n g m i q d o ri j u d a kichik. S h u sab a b li, u o ‘z i d a n k a tt a boMgan p a r a m a g n i t ik effekt b ila n q o p l a n i b k e t m a s a g in a n a m o y o n boMadi. 53- §. Paramagnetizm A g a rd a a t o m yoki m o le k u la tashqi m a y d o n boM m agan s h a r o it d a h a m toMiq m a g n i t m o m e n t i g a eg a boMib, u n i n g q i y m a t i n o l d a n fa rq li boMsa, u n d a b u n d a y a t o m yoki m o l e k u l a l a r o ‘z la r in i x u d d i e l e m e n t a r m a g n e t i k l a r sin g a ri tu t a d i la r . B u h o l d a ta s h q i m a y d o n t a ’s irid a e l e m e n t a r m a g n i t m o m e n t l a r i ta rtib li j o y l a s h i b q o l a d i va e l e k t r o n l a r n i n g a y l a n m a h a r a k a t i t e z l a s h a d i . Bu h o d i s a p a r a m a g netizm d e b a t a l a d i. P a r a m a g n e t i k l a r d a h a m / < 1, lek in u m a n f i y e m a s va t e m p e r a t u r a g a b o g M iq d ir. P a r a m a g n e t i z m h o d i s a s i e l e k t r o n l a r s o n i t o q b o M g a n m o d d a l a r d a u c h r a y d i , c h u n k i s h u n d a g i n a toMiq m a g n i t m o m e n t i n o l d a n k a t t a boMishi m u m k i n . D i a m a g n e t i z m esa e l e k t r o n l a r i j u f t boMgan a t o m l a r d a n a m o y o n b o 'l a d i . L a n d a u n a z a r i y h i s o b i g a k o ‘ ra, p a r a m a g n e t i k e f f e k t d i a m a g n e ti k e f f e k t d a n u c h m a r t a k a t t a boMar e k a n . 54- §. Ferromagnetizm D i a - va p a r a m a g n e t i k e f f e k t la r n in g q i y m a t l a r i u n c h a k a t t a b o ‘lm a y , fa q a t y u q o r i a n iq lik d a g i a s b o b l a r y o r d a m i d a q a y d etilishi m u m k i n . U l a r d a n farqli ra v is h d a , s h u n d a y m o d d a l a r m a v j u d k i , u l a r n i n g m a g n it la n g a n l ig i j u d a y u q o ri b o ‘lib, u l a r k u c h s i z m a g n i t m a y d o n i t a ’sirida h a m yaxshigina m a g n i t la n i b q o lad i. Bu m o d d a l a r fe rro m a g n e tik la r d e b a t a l a d i. „ F e r r o m a g n e t i z m " s o 'z i l o t i n c h a , , f e r r u m “ s o 'z i d a n o l in g a n boMib, u t e m i r n i b ild ir a d i. C h u n k i , b u e f f e k t b i r i n c h i b o r t e m i r d a v a u n i n g r u d a l a r i d a k u z a t i l g a n . F e r r o m a g n e t i k l a r g a t e m i r , nik el, k o b a lt va l a n t a n o i d g u r u h id a g i o l tit a e l e m e n t k ira d i. B u la r d is p r o z iy D y , g a d o l i n i y G d , g o l m iy H o , tuliy T m , e r b iy E r va t e r b i y T b lard ir. F e r r o m a g n e t i k l a r n i n g asosiy xossalari q u y i d a g i l a r d a n ib orat: 1. F e r r o m a g n e t i k la r d a x m u s b a t d i r va q i y m a t i o ‘z i d a n o ld in g i- larin ik ig a n i s b a t a n a n c h a k a t t a , s h u n i n g d e k x m a y d o n k u c h l a n ganlig ig a h a m bogMiq e m a s . M a g n i t s i n g d i r u v c h a n l i k n i n g m a y d o n k u c h l a n g a n l ig i b i l a n bogM anishini t e m i r m i s o lid a k o lrib c h iq ila d i. H q i y m a t i k i c h ik b o M g an d a , ц q i y m a t i a s t a - s e k i n o s h a b o r i b , m a k s i m u m g a yetadi. K e y in esa, m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig in in g oshishi |i n in g k a m a y is h ig a o lib k e la d i ( 5 6 - r a s m ) . 56-rasm . M agnit singdiruvchanlikning m aydon kuchlanganligiga bogMiqligi. 2. F e r r o m a g n e t i k l a r d a q o l d i q m a g n i t l a n i s h xususiyati m a v ju d , y a ’ni u l a r n i n g m a g n itla n g a n lig i m a g n i t m a y d o n i olib t a s h l a n g a n d a h a m n a m o y o n b o ‘ladi. 3. F e r r o m a g n e t i k l a r d a t e m p e r a t u r a o s h ib , m a ’lu m b ir n u q t a g a yetgach, fe rro m a g n e tik xususiyat y o ‘qoladi va u la r p a r a m ag n etik larg a a y l a n i b q o la d i . F e r r o m a g n e t i k l a r u c h u n b u t e m p e r a t u r a t u r l i c h a b o ‘lib, u ferrom agnetik Kyuri nuqtasi d e b a t a l a d i. B u n u q t a d a m a g n itla n g a n lik nolga ten g b o 'ladi. F e r r o m a g n e t i z m n a m o y o n boMishi u c h u n q u yidagi s h a r t l a r b a jarilishi lo z im : 1. A t o m d a spin m o m e n t i k o m p en satsiy a q ilinm aga n elek tro n n in g boMishi s h a r t. 2. Kristall p a n j a r a p a r a m e t r i n i n g s p in m o m e n t i k o m p e n s a t s i y a q i l in m a g a n e l e k t r o n o rb ita s i d i a m e t r i g a boMgan nisbati 1,5 d a n k a tta boMishi kerak: d / 2 R > 1,5. Download 14.54 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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