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- §. Qattiq moddalarning vaqt bo‘yicha
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- 63- §. Qattiq moddalarni mustahkamlashning asosiy prinsiplari
- SILIKAT SISTEMALARNING HOLAT I I B O ‘L I M DIAGRAMMALARI VA ULARDA FAZALAR MUVOZANATI 1 0 - b o b
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- 65-§. Holat diagrammalarini tuzish usullari
- 59-rasm. Bitta toxtalish va ikkita burilish nuqtasiga ega boMgan sovitish chizig‘i. 2. Chiniqtirish usuli.
62- §. Qattiq moddalarning vaqt bo‘yicha mustahkamligi Q a t t i q m o d d a l a r n i n g b u z ilis h j a r a y o n i d a u l a r s i n i s h i n i n g d a s t l a b k i b o s q i c h l a r i m u h i m a h a m i y a t g a e g a . B o s h l a n g ‘i c h b o s q ic h d a v r id a m o d d a i c h id a y o riq la rn in g v u judga kelishi, o ‘sishi va, n i h o y a t , k ritik m i q d o r g a c h a y e tis h i k u z a ti la d i . B u j a r a y o n tu rli q a t t i q m o d d a l a r u c h u n tu rli s h a r o i t l a r d a t e z y o k i s e k in k e c h i b , y a k u n l a n i s h i u c h u n m a ’l u m v a q t n i t a l a b q ila d i. Q a tt i q m o d d a g a t a s h q a r i d a n k u c h t a ’sir q ila b o s h l a g a n m o m e n t d a n b o s h l a b , u n i n g b u z i l i s h i g a c h a k e t g a n v a q t m a d d a n in g vaq t b o ty c h a mustahkam ligi yoki chidamliligi d e b ataladi. V aqt b o ‘y ic h a m u s t a h k a m l i k n i b irin c h i b o r S .N .J u r k o v va G . M . B a r t e n o v l a r o ‘z t a j r i b a l a r i d a o ‘rg a n is h g a n . V a q t b o ‘y i c h a m u s t a h k a m l i k n i n g fizik m o h i y a t i q u y i d a g i c h a t u s h u n t i r i l a d i . H a r q a n d a y q a t t i q m o d d a l a r n i n g a t o m l a r i d o i m o t e b r a n m a h a r a k a t d a b o ‘ladi. U l a r n i n g t e b r a n i s h d a v r la r i 1 0 12 — 1 0 ' 13 s g a t e n g . T e b r a n i s h j a r a y o n i d a is siq lik f l u k t u a t s i y a s i n a t i j a s i d a v a q t - v a q t i b i l a n k im y o v iy b ogM arning u z ilis h i r o ‘y b e r a d i . A n a s h u b o g M arning u z ilis h e h t im o ll i g i t e m p e r a t u r a g a va a k t i v l a n i s h t o ‘sigMning b a l a n d l i g ig a bogMiq boMadi. T e m p e r a - 13-jadval Ba’zi metall va organik moddalarning Ut, Qc va <2d ga oid ko‘rsatkichlari M odda Buzilish jarayoni energiya aktivatsiyasi, U , 10 5 J/m ol Sublimatsiya energiyasi, Qs , 10'5 J/m ol Termik destruksiya energiyasi, Qd, 10'5 J/m ol Aluminiy 2,16 2,2 Rux 1,0 1,08 Kumush 2,56 2,72 Nikel 3,48 3,4 Platina 4,8 5,1 Polim etil- m etakrilat 2,16 2 ,1 - 2 ,2 Kapron 1,8 1,72 Polivinilxlorid 1,4 - 1,28 Teflon 3,0 3 ,0 -3 ,1 t u r a n i n g o s h is h i va a k t i v l a n i s h t o ‘sig‘in in g k a m a y i s h i bogM ar u z ilis h e h t i m o l l i g i n i o s h ira d i. A g a r q a t t i q m o d d a g a t a s h q a r i d a n k u c h t a ’sir e t t i r i l s a , b u k u c h a k t i v l a n i s h t o ‘s i g ‘i n i n g b a l a n d l i g i n i k a m a y t i r a d i v a b o g M a r n i n g u z i l i s h e h t i m o l l i g i n i o s h i r a d i . N a t i j a d a , h a j m b i r l i g i d a g i u z i l g a n b o g M a r n in g s o n i o r t i b b o r i b , u z i l g a n b o g ‘- l a r d a n t a s h k i l t o p g a n s u b m i k r o s k o p i k m a y d o n c h a l a r n i h o s i l q i l a d i . U l a r n i n g b i r - b i r i g a q o ‘s h i l i s h i e s a m i k r o y o r i q l a r n i v u j u d g a k e l t i r a d i , s o ‘n g r a m i k r o y o r i q l a r n i n g o ‘sish i k u z a t i l a d i . B u q a t t i q m o d d a n i n g b u z i l i s h i g a s a b a b boM adi. T a s h q a r i d a n b e r i l a y o t g a n k u c h q a n c h a k a t t a boM sa, a k t i v l a n i s h t o ‘sigM s h u n g a m o s r a v i s h d a k a m a y a d i v a s h u n c h a k o ‘p m i q d o r d a u z i l g a n b o g M a r h o s il boMib, j i s m n i n g b u z i l i s h i g a s h u n c h a k a m v a q t s a r f l a n a d i , y a ’n i j i s m n i n g v a q t b o ‘y i c h a m u s t a h k a m l i g i s h u n c h a k i c h k i n a boMadi. 63- §. Qattiq moddalarni mustahkamlashning asosiy prinsiplari Z a m o n a v i y t e x n i k a q a t t i q m o d d a l a r g a u l a r n i n g m u s t a h k a m ligi, y u q o r i t e m p e r a t u r a g a c h i d a m l i l ig i , a n a sh u t e m p e r a t u r a d a m u s t a h k a m l i k l a r i n i s a q l a s h l a r i g a n i s b a t a n j u d a k a t t a t a l a b l a r q o ‘y m o q d a . H a r b i r q a t t i q m o d d a n i n g b u z ilis h ig a olib k e l u v c h i e n g asosiy s a b a b , b u — s h u m o d d a i c h i d a k u c h l a n i s h n i n g p a y d o boMishidir. K ristall m o d d a l a r d a d is lo k a ts iy a la rn in g boMishi va u l a r n i n g s i r p a n i s h tek is lik la ri b o ‘y i c h a su rilish i k u c h l a n i s h n i p a y d o qiladi. L e k in h a r a k a t l a n a y o tg a n dislokatsiya o ‘z in in g yoMida m a ’lu m b i r t o ‘siqqa, y a ’ni y o t a t o m l a r g a , d o n l a r i n i n g qirra sig a va s irp a n is h te k islik la rin in g kesilish c h iz iq la r ig a u c h r a b qolsa, d islo k a ts iy a t o r m o z l a n a d i , y a ’ni u n i n g h a r a k a t i g a c h e k q o ‘yiladi. N a t i j a d a m o d d a m a ’l u m m i q d o r d a m u s t a h k a m l a n i s h i m u m k i n . B u n d a n t a s h q a r i, d islokatsiya yigMlib q o l g a n j o y l a m i n g b o s h i d a k u c h l a n i s h l a r v u ju d g a kelib, u l a r k e y in c h a l ik y o r i q l a r n i n g hosil boMishiga sab a b boMadi. D e m a k , q a t t iq m o d d a l a r d a k u c h la n is h la m i b a r t a r a f e t i s h v a u l a r n i n g m u s t a h k a m l i g i n i o s h i r i s h u c h u n q u y i d a g i v a z if a la r n i b a j a r is h z a r u r : 1) d is l o k a t s i y a l a r n i n g p a y d o boM ishini iloji b o r i c h a q iy in - la s h t i r i s h ; 2) m i k r o y o r i q l a r n i n g v u j u d g a k e lis h i v a o ‘sishini t o r m o z l a s h y o k i c h e k l a s h . Y u q o r id a g i v a z if a l a r q u y i d a g i u s u l l a r y o r d a m i d a h a l etilishi m u m k i n : 1-usul. B u u s u l b o ‘y i c h a t a r k i b i d a ic h k i k u c h l a n i s h l a r i boM m a g a n , d i s l o k a t s i y a l a r v a b o s h q a n u q s o n l a r d a n xoli boM gan k r i s t a l l a r is h la b c h i q a r i l a d i . U l a r d a n u q s o n l a r n i n g boM m asligi tu fa y li ic h k i k u c h l a n i s h l a r y u z a g a k e lis h i u c h u n m a n b a boM m a y d i . B u u s u l d a o l i n g a n k r i s t a l l a r ipsim on k r is ta lla r d e y ila d i. B u n d a y k r i s t a l l a m i n g u z u n l i g i 2 — 10 m m boM ib, q a l i n l ig i 0 , 0 5 — 5 m i k r o n g a c h a d i r . U l a r m a M u m b i r t e m p e r a t u r a v a g az s h a r o i t l a r i d a o 's t i r i l a d i . B u n d a y k r i s t a l l a r oMa y u q o r i m e x a n i k m u s t a h k a m l i k k a e g a . U l a r n i n g r e a l m u s t a h k a m l i g i n a z a r i y m u s t a h k a m l i g i g a y a q i n boM adi. M i s o l u c h u n t e m i r , k a lsiy va r u h i p s i m o n k r i s t a l l a r i n i n g m u s t a h k a m l i l i g i q u y i d a g i q i y m a t - larg a ega: F e - 1 ,3 4 - 1 0 10 P a C a - 3 ,0 • 109 P a Z n - 2,3 • 109 P a Bu q i y m a t l a r o d d i y t e m i r , kalsiy v a ru x k r i s t a ll a r i n i k i d a n ikki d a r a ja y u q o r i d i r . I p s i m o n k r i s t a l l a m i n g oMa y u q o r i m u s t a h k a m l i g i u l a r n i n g j u d a t o ‘g ‘ri — id eal ic h k i s t r u k t u r a s i n a t i ja s i d a v u j u d g a keladi. B u n d a y k ris ta lla r t a r k i b i d a t u rli xil n u q s o n l a r , a y n iq s a , d i s lo k a ts iy a la r boM m aydi. U l a r j u d a t o z a boMib, y u z a s i j u d a tekis, g ' a d i r - b u d i r l i k l a r d a n x o li. A n a s h u n d a y k r i s t a l l a r d a d i s l o k a t s i y a l a r n i n g boM m asligi s a b a b li s i r p a n i s h te k is lik la ri b o ‘y i c h a su rilish d is l o k a t s io n n a z a r i y a g a k o ‘ra e m a s , b a lk i c h o ‘rt uzilish p ri n s ip i a s o s id a b o r a d i . S h u b o i s d a n , u l a r n i n g real m u s t a h k a m lig i n a z a r i y m u s t a h k a m l i g i g a y a q i n d i r . B u n d a y k r i s t a ll a m i n g y u q o r i d a r a j a d a g i t a r a n g l i k d e f o r m a t s iy a s i u l a r d a o s o n h a r a - k a t l a n u v c h i d i s l o k a t s iy a la r n i n g b o M m a slig id a n kelib c h iq a d i. 2-u su l. B i r i n c h i u s u l g a q a r a m a - q a r s h i boMib, u kristall s t r u k t u r a s i n i m a k s i m a l r a v is h d a b u z i s h d a n y o k i c h e t g a c h i q a - r i s h d a n i b o r a t d i r . S t r u k t u r a n i b u z i s h , y a ’ni u n i c h e t l a n t i r i s h u n g a h a r xil b e g o n a , y o t a t o m l a r n i k iritish , d i s p e r s f a z a la r n i a j r a t ib c h i q a r i s h y o k i k u c h l i q a y i s h q o q d e f o r m a t s i y a g a u c h r a t i b b a j a r i l a d i . S u n ’iy r a v i s h d a s t r u k t u r a n i b u n d a y b u z i s h u n d a m a v j u d boMgan d i s l o k a t s iy a la r n i n g su rilish ig a va y o r i q l a r n i n g v u ju d g a kelishiga t o ‘sq in lik qiladi. N a t i j a d a m a t e r ia l m a ’lu m m i q d o r d a m u s t a h k a m l a n a d i . B u usul y o r d a m i d a m u s t a h k a m l a n - g a n q a t t i q m o d d a l a r n i n g m u s t a h k a m l i g i 4 - 109 P a g a c h a yetadi. M a s a l a n , s h u u s u ln i qoM lash n a t i j a s i d a z a m o n a v i y a v ia ts iy a d v ig a te lla rin in g 1 o. k. g a t o ‘g ‘ri k ela d ig a n o g ‘irligi 1 kg ni tashkil etadi. A s r boshida e sa hali b u usul q o ‘llan ilm a g an d a 1 o.k. ga t o ‘g ‘ri k elgan dvigateln in g og ‘irligi 250 kg ni tashkil qiigan edi. K r is ta ll m o d d a l a r k a b i s h i s h a s i m o n m o d d a l a r n i n g h a m m u s t a h k a m l i g i o s h irila d i. S h i s h a n i n g m u s t a h k a m l i g i , a s o s a n , u n i n g s t r u k t u r a s i va n u q s o n l a r i n i n g m av ju d lig i h a m d a s h is h a y u z a s i n i n g h o la ti b i la n o ‘l c h a n a d i . S h is h a f t o r i d k is lo ta s i b ila n i s h l a n s a , u n d a g i n u q t a v i y n u q s o n l a r y o ‘ q o l i b , y u z a s i t e - k is la n a d i. N a t i j a d a u n i n g m u s t a h k a m l i g i 3 — 10 b a r a v a r g a o s h a d i. S h i s h a n i n g s t r u k t u r a s i n i m i k r o k r i s t a l l a s h j a r a y o n i a s o s id a s h a k l l a n ti r i ls a , m u s t a h k a m l i g i oMa y u q o r i boMgan s h i s h a - k r i s t a l l m o d d a l a r , y a ’ni sitalla r ho sil boMadi. S h is h a h a v o d a sovitilganligi sa b a b li, u n d a g i ic h k i k u c h l a n i s h l a r b a r a v a r t a q s i m l a n m a y d i , n a t i j a d a u n i n g m u s t a h k a m l i g i j u d a p a s t boMadi. M u s t a h k a m l i k n i o s h iris h m a q s a d i d a s h is h a a n c h a y u q o r i t e m p e r a t u r a d a q a y t a d a n i s h l a n a d i ( ik k i n c h i m a r t a ) , b u j a r a y o n q a y t a k u y d i r is h ( о т ж и к ) d e y ila d i. S h is h a n i n g m u s t a h k a m l i g i n i y a n a c h i n i q t ir i s h , y a ’ni j u d a k a t t a t e z lik d a so v itis h u s u li d a h a m o s h i r i s h m u m k i n . M exanik xossa, taran g lik deform atsiyasi, m o ‘rt defo rm atsiy a, qayishqoq deform atsiya, ulanish tekisliklari, b o 'y in , sirpanish, urinm a kuchlanganlik, mikroyoriqlar, nazariy mustahkam lik, real m ustahkam lik, Griffits nazariyasi, vaqt bo'yicha mustahkamlik, mustahkamlash prinsiplari. 1. Q attiq m oddalarda qanday deform atsiya tu rlari sod ir boMadi? 2. Taranglik deform atsiyasi deb qanday deform atsiyaga aytiladi? 3. Q ayishqoq deform atsiya va m o 'rt sinishning m ohiyati nim adan iborat? 4. Q ayishqoq deform atsiya va m o 'rt sinishga qanday om illar ta ’sir ko'rsatadi? 5. N azariy va real m ustahkam lik nim a? 6. G riffits nazariyasi haqida nim alarni bilasiz? 7. Q attiq m oddalarning vaqt b o ‘yicha m ustahkam ligi deganda q anday m ustahkam lik tushuniladi? 8. Q attiq m oddalarni m ustahkam lashning qanday usullari mavjud? 9. Ipsim on kristallar nim a uchun o ‘stiriladi? 10. Shishalarni m ustahkam lashning qanday yoMlari m avjud? Tayanch so ‘z va iboralar N a zo ra t savollari SILIKAT SISTEMALARNING HOLAT I I B O ‘L I M DIAGRAMMALARI VA ULARDA FAZALAR MUVOZANATI 1 0 - b o b . FAZALAR MUVOZANATI VA HOLAT DIAGRAMMALARI 64-§. Asosiy tushunchalar S ilikat v a q iy in e r iy d i g a n m o d d a l a r d a n ta s h k il t o p g a n o d d i y va m u r a k k a b s i s t e m a l a r n i o ‘r g a n is h m u h i m a h a m i y a t g a ega. U l a r n i o 'r g a n i s h o r q a li t a l a b a k im y o v iy b i r i k m a l a r n i n g e r ish x a r a k t e r i v a n u q t a l a r i , s is te m a d a g i m a v j u d b i r i k m a l a r , m o d d a - l a rd a g i p o l i m o r f i z m v a i z o m o r f i z m kabi h o d i s a l a r b o ‘y i c h a z a r u r t u s h u n c h a l a r g a ega b o ‘Iadilar. T a sh q i m u h itd a n a jra tib olingan va u n d a so d ir b o ‘layo tg a n o ‘zg a rish la r va u n in g oxirg i h o la tin i k u za tis h m u m k in b o ‘lgan m o d d a y o k i m o d d a la r a ra la sh m a sig a sistem a d eb a y tila d i. Faza — s is te m a n in g b ir b o ‘lagi b o ‘lib, и b u tu n k u z a tis h d a v r id a b ir x i l k im y o v iy , f i z i k va te r m o d in a m ik x o ssa la rg a ega b o 'la d i. F a z a la r b ir - b ir id a n c h e g a ra lo v c h i y u z a b ila n ajralib tu ra d i. A g a r s i s te m a b i r xil f a z a d a n i b o r a t boMsa, g o m o g e n , a g a r h a r xil f a z a d a n i b o r a t boMsa, g e t e r o g e n s i s te m a d e b a ta l a d i. G e t e r o g e n s i s te m a l a r d a f a z a l a r n i n g ajra lib t u r i s h y u z a si m a v j u d boM adi. S u y u q lik la r o d a t d a b i r xil f a z a n i hosil q ila d i, le k i n b a ’zi h o l l a r d a likv atsiy a h o d is a s i r o ‘y b e r g a n d a s u y u q l i k la r d a h a m b ir n e c h a fa z a ho sil boMishi m u m k i n . G a z l a r h a m m a v a q t b ir xil fa z a n i hosil q ila d i. Q a t t i q kristall m o d d a l a r k im y o v iy t a r k ib ig a q a r a b tu rli f a z a l a m i hosil q ila d i. A g a r b ir xil (k i m y o v i y ) ta rk ib li q a t t i q m o d d a tu rli m o d i f ik a t s iy a o 'z g a r i s h l a r i g a e g a boMsa, u n d a h a r b ir m o d i f i k a t s iy a t u rli fa z a sifa tid a n a m o y o n boMadi. S is te m a n in g eng k ic h ik va b o 'lin m a y d ig a n in d iv id u a l k i m y o v iy ta r k ib iy qism iga kom ponent d eb a y tila d i. K o m p o n e n t l a r t u r li f a z a l a m i hosil qilish i m u m k i n . K o m p o n e n t l a r s o n i g a q a r a b s i s t e m a l a r b ir k o m p o n e n t l i , ikki k o m p o n e n t l i , u c h , t o ‘rt va k o ‘p k o m p o n e n t l i boMishi m u m k i n . T e r m o d i n a m i k p a r a m e t r l a r — s i s t e m a n i n g h o la tin i a n iq la b b eru v ch i k o ‘rsatkichlardir. U larga a w a l o t e m p e ra tura, bosim , konsentratsiya, hajm va bosh q alar kiradi. Ixtiyoriy s i s te m a n in g m u v o z a n a t h o l a t id a t e r m o d i n a m i k p a r a m e t r l a m i n g qiym ati o ‘zgarishsiz boMadi. A g a rd a a n a shu m u v o z a n a t b iroz ch e tg a surilsa, t e r m o d i n a m i k p a r a m e t r l a m i n g k o ‘rsatkichlari h a m o ‘zgarib ketadi. T e r m o d i n a m i k p a r a m e t r l a m i n g soni 0 g a te n g boMgan h o la t m u v o z a n a t holati yoki n o n v a r ia n t h o la t deb, 1 ga te n g boMgan ho la t m o n o v a r i a n t, 2 ga te n g boMgan h o la t — divariant deyiladi. T e r m o d in a m ik m u v o z a n a t h o la ti d e b , ta s h q i m u h i t t a ’siriga h a m q a r a m a s d a n , v a q t o 'z g a r i s h i d a v o m i d a o ‘z i n i n g h o l a t i n i o ‘z g a r t i r m a y t u r a d i g a n s i s t e m a n i n g h o la tig a aytilad i. E r k i n l i k d a r a j a s i d e b , s i s t e m a g a bogMiq b o M m a g a n h o l d a o ‘z idagi fa z a la r s o n i n i va t a b i a t i n i s a q la b q o lg a n h o l d a o 'z g a r i s h i m u m k i n boMgan t e r m o d i n a m i k p a r a m e t r l a m i n g s o n i g a a y tila d i. M a s a l a n , a g a r s i s t e m a n i n g t e m p e r a t u r a s i b i l a n b o s i m i n i o ‘z - g a r tirib , u n i n g h o la ti s a q l a b q o l a o l in s a , e r k in l i k d a r a j a s i n i n g s o n i 2 g a te n g boMadi. C h u n k i 2 ta t e r m o d i n a m i k k o ‘r s a tk i c h o ‘z g a r t i r i lm o q d a . S h u kabi m u v o z a n a t n u q t a l a r id a , y a ’ni n o n v a - rian t n u q t a l a r d a e r k in lik d a r a j a s i n i n g so n i 0 g a teng. Y a ’ni b u n d a m u v o z a n a t n i s a q la b q o l i s h u c h u n b i r o r t a h a m p a r a m e t r n i o ‘z g a r t i r ib boM m aydi. 65-§. Holat diagrammalarini tuzish usullari H o l a t d i a g r a m m a l a r i n i t u z i s h n i n g asosiy ikki tu ri m a v ju d : 1. Q i z d i r i s h v a s o v i t i s h g r a f i k l a r i y o r d a m i d a . B u n d a t e m p e r a t u r a va vaqt bogM anishi q a y d etilib, s i s te m a d a n ajralib c h i q a y o t g a n yoki y u tilayotgan issiqlik m i q d o rin in g q iy m a tig a q a r a b tik yoki yo y iq c h iz iq la r sh a k lid a g i bogManish v u judga kelad i. T e m p e r a t u r a n i n g o 'z g a r i s h i t o 'x t a b q o ls a , bogM anish c h i z i - gMda v a q t o 'q i g a p arallel c h i z i q hosil boMadi. S il ik a t s i s t e m a l a r d a b u u s u l n i qoM lash j u d a m u r a k k a b , c h u n k i u l a r n i n g m u v o z a n a t s i z q o t i s h i j a r a y o n i d a s h i s h a s i m o n h o l a t v u j u d g a kelishi m u m k i n . Bu u su l b o ‘y ic h a , m a s a l a n , u c h k o m p o n e n t l i A —B - C s i s te m a s i n i so v ita b o s h l a s a k , b i r i n - k e t i n k r is t a l la n i s h r o ‘y b e r a b o s h l a y d i . A vval A k o m p o n e n t n i n g k ris t a lla ri, k e y i n В k o m p o n e n t n i n g , s o 'n g r a С k o m p o n e n t n i n g k rista lla ri p a y d o boMib, b u n d a s o v itish g ra fig id a tik c h i z i q l a r n a m o y o n boMadi. K e y in e s a m o d d a l a r n i n g s u y u q l a n i s h i r o ‘y b e r ib , g r a f i k d a g o r i z o n t a l d —e chizigM v u ju d g a k e la d i. B u n d a s i s t e m a d a n issiqlik c h i q a y o t g a n lig i sa b a b li u n i n g sovishi b i r m u n - c h a v a q t d a v o m i d a r o ‘y b e r m a y d i va t e m p e r a t u r a o ‘zg a ris h s iz q o la d i ( 5 9 - r a s m ) . 1 4 -jadvalda fa z a l a r s o n i va e r k in lik d a r a ja s in in g o 'z g a r i s h i keltirilg an . 59-rasm. Bitta to'xtalish va ikkita burilish nuqtasiga ega boMgan sovitish chizig‘i. 2. Chiniqtirish usuli. B u u s u l d a m a ’l u m ta r k i b g a eg a b o ‘lgan o m i x t a k o ‘p m a r t a p is h irib , s u y u q la n t i r i lib o li n a d i . K e y in m a y i n h o l a t g a c h a tu y u la d i . N a m u n a n i p la t i n a l i fo lg ag a solib, e l e k t r p e c h i d a m u v o z a n a t t e m p e r a t u r a s i g a c h a q iz d irila d i. K e y in u n i t e z lik b ila n so v u q h o ld a g i i n e r t s u y u q lik k a , m a s a l a n , s i m o b g a so lib sovitiladi. B u n d a m o d d a ic h id a g i kristall fa z a o ‘z h o l i c h a q o l ib , s u y u q fa za s h i s h a g a a y l a n a d i . O l i n g a n m o d d a n i p o l i m e - r i z a t s i o n m i k r o s k o p d a yoki r e n t g e n o i o n iz a t s iy a u s u lid a te k sh irib , u n d a q a n d a y f a z a l a r d a n q a n c h a m i q d o r d a borligi a n i q l a n a d i . K e y in tajriba usulida m o d d a n i n g ich id a b itta kristall faza va shisha fazasi q o l g u n c h a boMgan s h a r o it va n i h o y a t fa q a t s u y u q yoki s h i s h a fazasi hosil boMish s h a r o it i a n i q l a n a d i . H a r b i t t a o ‘rga - n i l g a n t a j r i b a v a u l a r n i n g t e m p e r a t u r a l a r i a s o s i d a n u q t a l a r t o ‘p l a m i vujudga keladi. U l a r b irla sh tirilg a n d a grafik hosil boMadi. H o l a t d i a g r a m m a l a r i s i s t e m a l a r n i o ‘r g a n i s h d a q u y i d a g i sav o llarg a j a v o b b e r a oladi: 1. K o m p o n e n t l a r n i n g m a ’l u m m i q d o r i y n i s b a t i d a t e m p e r a tu r a g a bogMiq h o l d a b e rilg a n sis te m a q a n d a y f a z a l a r d a n tashkil t o p g a n boMadi? 2. F a z a la r n i n g ta rk ib i va m i q d o r i q a n d a y boMadi? 3. T e m p e r a t u r a n i n g o s h i s h i b i l a n f a z a l a r d a q a n d a y o ‘z g a - r i s h l a r y u z b e r a d i ? T e x n i k s i s t e m a l a r n i n g h o l a t d i a g r a m m a l a r i n i bilish o rq a li q u y id a g i i m k o n i y a t l a r v u ju d g a keladi: 1. M o d d a n i n g f a z a l a r b o ' y i c h a ta r k i b i n i u n i n g s ifa tig a , x o s s a la r ig a va is h la tilish ig a b o ‘lgan t a ’sirini a n i q l a b b e r a d i . 2. S is t e m a d a m u v o z a n a t q a r o r to p g a n lig i h a q i d a a x b o r o t b e r ib , u n i n g q a y d a r a j a d a m u v o z a n a t d a n c h e t g a c h i q q a n l i g i n i q a y d e t a o la d i (1 4 - ja d v a l) . 14- jadva! A-B-C sistemasini sovitish jarayonida kuzatiladigan faza o ‘zgarishlari Sovitish c h izig 'i- ning qism lari T e m pera tura, t F Suyuqlik bilan m uvozanatda boMgan qattiq fazalar Yangi fazalarn boMis mg paydo li nuqta te m p e ratura a— b >t 3 y o ‘q (faqat suyuq faza) b ti b—c t,-t2 2 A (p=2) с tj c—d ti-h 1 A+B(p=3) d h d—s tj 0 A+ B+ C (p= 4) S uyuqlikning kamayishi. en u q tad a uning batam om yo‘qo - lishi tj e—f < h 1 (tem pe ratura) A+B+ C(p= 3) — 2d> Download 14.54 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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