J. I. A L im j o n o V a, A. A. Is m a t o V
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Tayanch s o ‘z va ib o ra la r
- N a zo ra t sa vo lla ri
- 9-BOB. SILIKAT VA QIYIN ERIYDIGAN NOMETALL MATERIALLARNING MEXANIK XUSUSIYATLARI 56- §. Nometall materiallarning mexanik xossalari
- 57- §. Taranglik deformatsiyasi
- 58- §. M o‘rt va qayishqoq deformatsiya
- 39- §. Qayishqoq deformatsiya
- 60- §. Nazariy va real mustahkamlik
- 61- §. Griffits nazariyasi
55- §. Ferritlar E l e k t r o n i k a va yangi te x n i k a d a qoM laniladigan b a ’zi m o d d a l a r ferritla r d e y ila d i. F e r r it l a r k u y d irilg a n m a g n i t l a n u v c h i k e r a m i k a m o d d a l a r boMib, u l a r n i n g k i m y o v iy f o r m u l a s i q u y id a g ic h a : M e F e 20 4 yoki M e O F e 20 3 U l a r n i n g kristall p a n ja r a s i s h p i n e l p a n j a r a s i sin g ari boMadi: A 2+ B 23+ 0 42 F e r r i t l a r o ‘z e l e k t r x u su siy a tla ri b o ‘y i c h a y a r im o M k a z g ic h la r boMib, u l a r n in g s o l i s h t ir m a e l e k t r qarsh ilig i 10'2 d a n 10" O m - sm g a c h a . Q u y i d a g i e l e m e n t l a r n i n g fe rritla ri m a ’lu m : Z n , C d , G a , S c, N i , T i , C r , B a , P b , C o va b o s h q a l a r . M a s a la n : B a O • F e 20 3 d a n B a O • 6 F e 20 3 g a c h a . F e r r i t l a r r a d i o va e l e k t r o t e x n i k a n i n g istiq b o lli m a t e r i a l l a r i h is o b la n a d i. U l a r n in g asosiy k a m c h il i g i m e x a n i k ishlovga h a m d a t e m p e r a t u r a n i n g o ‘zgarishiga c h i d a m l i em asligidir. Tayanch s o ‘z va ib o ra la r Foton, fonon, issiqlik sigMmi, nol harakat holati, Debay tem peraturasi, panjaraviy issiqlik o'tkazuvchanlik, elektron issiqlik o'tkazuvchanlik, term ik kengayish, magnit xossasi, paramagnetizm, ferromagnetizm, diam agnetizm . N a zo ra t sa vo lla ri 1. F ononlar qanday tabiatga ega? 2. Issiqlik sigMmi bilan tem peratura orasidagi bogManish haqida Debay q onun i nim ani ifodalaydi? 3. Dyulong va Pti qonunlarida nim a haqida so'z yuritiladi? 4. Issiqlik oMkazuvchanlik koeffitsiyenti deb nimaga aytiladi? 5. Issiqlik o'tkazuvchanlik bilan tem peratura orasidagi bogManish haqida Debay qonunida nima aks etgan? 6. Termik kengayish deganda nim a tushuniladi? 7. Diamagnetik, paramagnetik va ferromagnetik effektlaming mohiyati nim alardan iborat? 8. Ferritlar deganda qanday m oddalar tushuniladi? 9. Ferromagnetik xususiyatga ega qanday elem entlam i bilasiz? 10. Ferrom agnetiklar qanday sharoitda nam oyon boMadi? 11. Ferrom agnetiklar qanday xossalarga ega? 9-BOB. SILIKAT VA QIYIN ERIYDIGAN NOMETALL MATERIALLARNING MEXANIK XUSUSIYATLARI 56- §. Nometall materiallarning mexanik xossalari Q a t t i q m o d d a l a r n i n g e n g m u h i m x o s s a l a r i d a n b i r i u l a r n i n g m e x a n i k x o s s a l a r i d i r . U l a r g a m o d d a l a r n i n g m u s t a h k a m li g i, q a t t i q l i g i , q o v u s h q o q l i g i v a ish j a r a y o n i d a g i c h i d a m l i - ligi k i r a d i . A g a r d a , q a t t i q m o d d a g a t a s h q a r i d a n b i r o r k u c h t a ’s i r e t s a k , u n d a b u k u c h n a t i j a s i d a m o d d a n i n g o M c h a m l a r i v a s h a k l i o ' z g a r a d i , y a ’ni m o d d a d a m e x a n i k d e f o r m a t s i y a v u j u d g a k e l a d i . D e f o r m a t s i y a n i b i z k u c h q o ‘y i l g u n c h a , k u c h t a ’s i r q i l a y o t g a n p a y t d a h a m d a k u c h o l i b t a s h l a n g a n d a n k e y i n m o d d a n i n g o M c h a m l a r i n i o M c h a s h a s o s i d a a n i q l a s h i m i z m u m k i n . U m u m i y h o l d a , m e x a n i k d e f o r m a t s i y a c h o ‘z i s h , s iq ish , s u d r a s h v a t o b l a s h k u c h l a r i n a t i j a s i d a v u j u d g a k e la d i. D e f o r m a t s i y a d a r a ja s i q u y id a g i f o r m u l a y o r d a m i d a a n i q l a n a d i : X = / - / „ / / „ • 100, X = S - S 0 / S 0 ' 100, b u y e r d a : X — d e f o r m a t s i y a d a r a j a s i ; /0 v a I — m o d d a n i n g b o s h la n g M c h va keyin g i u z u n lig i; S0, S — m o d d a n i n g b o s h - langM ch v a k e y in g i k o ' n d a l a n g k e s i m i y u z a s i. 57- §. Taranglik deformatsiyasi K ristallg a t a s h q i c h o ‘z u v c h i k u c h t a ’sir q ilsa, u n d a a t o m l a r n in g m u v o z a n a t h o l a t i y o ‘q o lib , u l a r o r a s id a g i m a s o f a k a t t a - la sh a d i. B u esa a t o m l a r n i n g m u v o z a n a t h o l a t i d a k u z a til a d i g a n itarilish va t o rtish is h k u c h la ri orasidagi ten g lik n i b u z a d i va m o d d a i c h i d a ic h k i k u c h l a n i s h l a r n i p a y d o q ila d i. I c h k i k u c h l a n i s h l a r jism a to m la rin i a w a l g i h o latiga q aytarishga h a r a k a t qiladi. A n a shu k u c h l a n i s h l a r n i n g k e s i m y u z a s i b i r l i g ig a t o ‘g ‘ri k e l a d i g a n m i q d o r i ich k i kuchlanish d e b a t a l a d i. A g a r d a , t a s h q i k u c h m a ’l u m b i r c h e g a r a d a n o ‘tib k e t m a s a , a t o m l a r n i n g su rilish jarayoni vujudga kelgan d e form atsiya q a y t m a xarakterga ega b o ‘ladi. A n a s h u n d a y d e f o r m a t s i y a tu ri tarang deform atsiya d eyiladi. T a r a n g l i k d e f o r m a t s i y a s i r o ‘y b e r g a n d a t a s h q a r i d a n b e r i - la y o t g a n k u c h o lib t a s h l a n s a , j i s m y a n a o ‘z h o lig a q a y ta d i . T a r a n g l i k d e f o r m a t s i y a s i r o ‘y b e r a y o t g a n p a y t d a m o d d a ta s h q i s h a k l i n i n g o ' z g a r i s h i g a q a r a b , t a r a n g l i k d e f o r m a t s i y a s i n i n g kattalig i v a x a r a k t e r i h a q i d a m a ’l u m o t o lis h m u m k i n . T a r a n g l i k d e f o r m a t s i y a s i n i n g e n e r g i y a s i t a s h q a r i d a n b e r i l a y o t g a n k u c h o rq a li b a ja r ilg a n ish n i t o p i s h o r q a li a n i q l a n a d i . 58- §. M o‘rt va qayishqoq deformatsiya A g a r d a m o d d a g a b e r ila y o tg a n k u c h n i n g k a tta lig i t a r a n g l ik d e f o rm a ts iy a s i k u c h i d a n o s h ib k etsa, u h o l d a ikki xil h o d is a r o ‘y b e r is h i m u m k i n : 1) m o d d a m o ‘rt s i n a d i; 2) q a y i s h q o q d e f o r m a t s i y a g a u c h r a y d i . M o d d a m o ‘rt s i n g a n d a kristall q a y t a d a n o ‘z h o lig a kela o l m a y d i g a n ik k ita va u n d a n o r t i q boM aklarga boMinib k e ta d i. M o ‘rt sin ish tu rli k ris t a ll a r d a u l a r n i n g o ‘z ig a xos boM gan m a ’lu m t e k is lik la r b o ' y i c h a r o ‘y b e r a d i. B u te k is l ik l a r u la n is h tek islik la ri d e b a ta l a d i. U l a r d a a t o m l a r n i n g bogM anish k u c h l a r i e n g k ic h ik boMganligi s a b a b li, k rista lln in g b u z i li s h ig a a y n a n s h u te k is lik la r e n g k a m q a r s h il i k k o ‘rs a ta d i. H a r b i r k rista lln in g o ‘ziga xos u l a n i s h tekisligi m a v ju d d ir. A m o r f m o d d a l a r y o k i s h i s h a m o ‘rt s i n g a n d a q in g M r-q iy s h iq yuzali sin iq c h i z i q l a r hosil boMadi, c h u n k i a m o r f m o d d a l a r d a u l a n i s h tek is lik la ri boM m aydi. S h u n i n g d e k , b a ’zi b ir kristall m o d d a l a r d a h a m u l a n i s h te k is lik la ri boM m asligi m u m k i n . M a s a l a n , k v a rs a - S i 0 2 v a k o r u n d a - A120 3 k r is ta lla rin i o lib k o ‘raylik, u l a r n i n g a t o m l a r i o r a s id a g i bogMar fa z o v iy p a n j a r a d a b a r o b a r t a q s i m l a n g a n , s h u s a b a b li u l a n i s h te k is lig i y o ‘q v a s in ish q in g M r-q iy sh iq y u z a li c h i z i q l a r n i n g hosil boMishi b i l a n b o ra d i. Z a n j i r s tr u k t u r a l i k r is t a l l a r d a e sa u l a n i s h te k is lik la ri z a n j i r o ‘q l a r i g a p a r a ll e l d ir . B u n g a a m f i b o l va p i r o k s i n g u r u h i d a g i k r i s t a l l a r m isol boMa o l a d i . Q a v a t - q a v a t s t r u k t u r a l i k ristallard a u la n is h tekisliklari q a v a t - l a rg a p a ra lle l boMadi. B u n g a m o n o k l i n C a S 0 4 - 2 H 20 s t r u k t u r a l i g ip s m is o l boMa o la d i. 39- §. Qayishqoq deformatsiya K o ‘p g i n a m o d d a l a r d a m o ‘rt sinish k u z a ti l g u n g a c h a boMgan d a v r d a m o d d a s h a k l i n i n g o ‘zg a rish i, y a ’ni b u tu n lig i s a q l a n i b q o l g a n h o ld a m o d d a n i n g o q is h i r o ‘y b e ra d i. B u n d a y d e f o r m a t s i y a qayish qo q d eform atsiya d e y ila d i. Q a y i s h q o q m o d d a l a r g a , a s o s a n , m e t a l l a r v a u l a r n i n g q o t i s h m a l a r i k iradi. Q a y i s h q o q d e f o r m a t s i y a p a y t i d a m o d d a n i n g sh a k li v a xossalari o 'z g a r i b k e tish i m u m k i n , lekin u q a n c h a l i k k a t t a boM m asin, m o d d a n i n g kristall h o la ti va s t r u k t u r a tu ri 0 ‘z g a ris h s iz q o la d i. Q a y i s h q o q d e f o r m a t s i y a n i o ‘rg a n is h k a t t a a h a m i y a t g a eg a d ir. Q a y i s h q o q d e f o r m a t s i y a k u c h i n i k a t t a l a s h t i r a b o r s a k , m a ’lu m q i y m a t g a y e t g a c h , m o d d a n i n g sin is h ig a olib k e la d i. A g a r d a b i r o r j i s m n i c h o ‘za b o s h l a s a k , u n i n g k o ‘n d a l a n g k e s i m y u z a s i b o r g a n s a r i k i c h r a y a b o r i b , u n d a b o ‘yin d e b a t a l a d i g a n y u q o ri d a r a j a d a g i to ra y is h m a y d o n i ho sil boMadi. A m a l d a q a y i s h q o q va m o ‘rt j i s m l a r o r a s i d a a n i q b i r c h e g a r a m a v j u d boM m ay d i. B ir m o d d a n i n g o ‘zi t a j r i b a s h a r o i t i g a q a r a b h a m q a y i s h q o q , h a m m o ‘rt boMishi m u m k i n . B u n g a k o 'p g i n a t a s h q i o m i l l a r t a ’sir k o ‘r s a ta d i. Bu o m i l l a r g a — t e m p e r a t u r a , d e f o r m a t s i y a l a n i s h tezligi, k u c h l a n g a n l ik h o l a t in in g tu ri va ta s h q i m u h i t k irad i. T e m p e r a t u r a o s h i s h i b i l a n , o d a t d a , q a y i s h q o q d e f o r m a t s i y a o s h a d i . B u h o d i s a d a n m e t a l l a r n i b o s i m o s t i d a y u q o r i t e m p e r a t u r a d a ishlashda foyda la nila di. T e m p e r a t u r a pasayishi bilan esa m o ‘rt sin ish o r t a d i . B u h o d i s a d a n q a y i s h q o q l i g i j u d a y u q o r i b o M g a n m o d d a l a r d a n r e n t g e n o g r a f i k u s u l u c h u n k u k u n l a r t a y y o r l a s h d a f o y d a la n i la d i. B u n d a n t a s h q a r i, q a y i s h q o q li k n i j u d a p a s t t e m p e r a t u r a d a s a q la b q o l i s h vazifasi h a m m u h i m a h a - m i y a t g a ega. M a s a la n , s o v u q q a c h i d a m l i k a u c h u k , p l a s t m a s s a l a r is h la b c h i q a r i s h . M a ’lu m k i, te z lik o s h irils a , m o d d a m o ‘r t la s h ib , s in ib k e ta d i. A s t a - s e k i n l i k b i l a n b e r i l g a n k u c h l a n i s h q a y i s h q o q d e f o r m a - t s i y a n i n g y u z a g a k e lish ig a s a b a b b o ‘ladi. B u o m i l n i n g t a ’sirini m a r m a r m i s o lid a k o ‘rish m u m k i n . M a r m a r c h i z i q l i k u c h l a n - g a n lik t a ’sirida, y a ’ni siqilish va c h o ‘zilishda m o ‘rt m o d d a sifatida n a m o y o n b o ‘ladi. L e k i n u n i h a j m i y k u c h l a n g a n l i k h o l a t i d a d e f o r m a t s i y a g a u c h r a t s a k , y a ’n i s u r i s h a s o s i d a d e f o r m a t s i - y a la s a k , u n d a m a ’l u m d a r a j a d a q a y i s h q o q l i k v u j u d g a k e la d i. B a ’zi m o d d a l a r h a v o d a m o ‘rt b o ‘lsa, s u v d a m a ’l u m d a r a j a d a q a y i s h q o q r o q boMadi. Q a y i s h q o q d e f o r m a t s i y a , a s o s a n , j i s m b i r q i s m i n i n g i k k i n c h i q i s m i g a n i s b a t a n s u r u v c h i , le k in a t o m l a r o r a s id a g i k u c h n i o ‘z g a r t i r m a y d i g a n s i r p a n i s h k u c h l a n g a n l ig i a s o s i d a r o ‘y b e r a d i . N a t i j a d a , kristall m o d d a o q a d i . B u n d a y d e f o r m a t s i y a sirpanish d e b h a m a t a l a d i . S i r p a n i s h h a m k r i s t a l l a r d a m a ’l u m b i r t e k i s l i k l a r v a y o ‘n a l i s h l a r b o ‘y i c h a b o r a d i . U s h b u t e k is lik la r o r a s i d a g i m a s o f a k a t t a b o M ib , b o g M a n i s h k u c h l a r i y u q o r i b o M m a g a n l i g i s a b a b l i , s i r p a n i s h u l a r d a o s o n r o ‘y b e r a d i . K o ' p g i n a t a j r i b a l a r n in g k o ‘rs a ti s h i c h a , k ris t a l la r d a s u rilish y o k i s i r p a n i s h m a ’l u m b i r v a q t d a n k e y i n , y a ’ni s i r p a n i s h k u c h l a n g a n lig i k r itik n u q t a g a y e t g a n p a y t d a r o ‘y b e r a d i . A n a s h u k a t t a l i k k ritik s irp a n is h k u c h l a n g a n l i g i (xkr) d e b a t a l a d i. т кг k a t t a l i k , a s o s a n , m o d d a n i a v v a l d a n d e f o r m a t s i y a g a u c h r a t i b o lis h g a bogMiq boM adi. A g a r m o d d a a v v a l d a n d e f o r - m a t s i y a l a b o lin s a , s i r p a n i s h k u c h l a n g a n l ig i o s h i b k e t a d i . Bu h o d i s a m o dd an i m u stah kam lash d e b a t a l a d i . M a s a l a n , M g m o n o k r i s t a l i n i olib, un i a v v a ld a n 350% m i q d o r d a d e f o r m a t s iy a g a u c h r a t s a k , xkr 25 b a r o b a r g a o r t a d i . 60- §. Nazariy va real mustahkamlik S t r u k t u r a s i b u z i l m a g a n kristall m o d d a n i n g p a n j a r a s i d a a t o m te k is lik la ri v a u l a r n i ta s h k il q il u v c h i a t o m l a r m u v o z a n a t h o l a t i d a j o y l a s h g a n boM adi. A t o m l a r o r a s i d a g i t o r t i s h i s h v a it a r il i s h k u c h l a r i b i r - b i r i g a t e n g boMib, b i r - b i r i n i m u v o z a n a t l a y d i . A g a r s h u n d a y m o d d a g a t a s h q a r i d a n b i r o r k u c h t a ’sir k o ‘rs a tils a, bu k u c h n a t i j a s i d a a t o m l a r n i n g m u v o z a n a t h o l a t i y o ‘q o l a d i va b i r a to m te k islig i ik k in c h isig a n is b a ta n su rila d i. N a tija d a , m o d d a d a u r i n m a k u c h l a n g a n l i k т v u j u d g a k e lib , u a t o m l a r n i o ‘z m u v o z a n a t h o la tig a q a y ta ris h g a in tila d i (5 7 -ra s m ). A n a s h u h o sil b o ‘lg a n u r i n m a k u c h la n g a n lik n in g m a k s im a l q iy m a ti m o d d a n in g n a z a r iy m u s ta h k a m lig i d e y ila d i: x = A s in 2 t v c / b bu yerda: x — atom larning m uvozanat holatidan siljishi; b— a sirpanish tekisligidagi atom lar orasidagi m asofa; A — doim iy son. M o d d a la r n in g a m a ld a , y a ’n i te x n ik a d a n a m o y o n e ta d ig a n m u s ta h k a m lig i esa re a l m u s ta h k a m lik y o k i te x n ik m u s ta h k a m lik d e b a ta la d i. N a z a riy m u s ta h k a m lik n in g m iq d o ri re a l m u s ta h - k a m lik d a n 3—4 d a ra ja k a tta b o ‘ladi. B u n g a, k ris ta lla m in g a m a ld a sin ish i y o k i b u z ilis h i, y u q o r id a ta s v irla n g a n id e k , a to m te k is lik - la rin in g b ir-b irig a n is b a ta n b ir d a n ig a c h o ‘rt k esilish i e m a s , b a lk i b o s h q a c h a r o q m e x a n iz m d a b o ris h i sa b a b boM adi. A m a ld a k ristall b u z ilg a n d a h a r b ir m o m e n td a fa q a t b ir n e c h ta a to m l a r o ra s id a g i bogM ar u z ilib , b u ja r o y o n s e k in - a s ta h a m m a bog M ar u z ilib a , - 1 —О • • • • - 1 - 1 1 4 1 1 S S S S d 57-rasm . Tashqi kuch t a ’sirida m oddada urin m a kuchlanganlikning vujudga kelishi: a — m inim um potensial energiyaga ega boMgan ikki q o ‘shni parallel tekisliklam ing m uvozanat holati; b — bir ato m tekisligining ikkinchisiga nisbatan asta-sekin siljishi natijasida u rin m a kuchlanish т ning paydo boMishi; d — u rin m a kuchlanish x ning siljishga to 'sq in lik qilishi. b o ‘l g u n c h a d a v o m e t a d i , y a ’ni b u z ilis h d i s l o k a t s io n n a z a r i y a b o ‘y i c h a b o r a d i . B u n a z a r i y a b o ‘y i c h a k ris ta lld a g i s i r p a n i s h yoki b u z i l i s h u n i n g n u q s o n i b o r j o y d a n b o s h l a n i b , s i r p a n i s h tekisligi b o ‘y i c h a , a s t a - s e k i n b o s h q a y e rg a t a r q a l a b o r a d i. Y a ’ni h a r b i r m o m e n t d a m a ’l u m b i r k i c h i k m i q d o r d a g i a t o m l a r g u r u h i d a b u z ilis h r o ‘y b e r a d i. T a b i a t d a h a m s h u n d a y u s u ld a su rilis h yoki s i r p a n i s h u c h r a b t u r a d i . M a s a l a n , m o l lu s k a la r , q u r t l a r , c h u v a l c h a n g l a r v a i l o n l a r d i s l o k a t s i y a m e x a n i z m i b o ‘y i c h a h a r a k a t q iladi. 61- §. Griffits nazariyasi Z a m o n a v i y t a l q i n g a k o ‘ra , q a t t i q m o d d a l a r n i n g n a z a r i y va r e a l m u s t a h k a m l i g i o ‘rta s i d a g i k a t t a f a r q m o d d a l a r ic h id a g i m a v j u d tu rli xil n u q s o n l a r , j u m l a d a n m i k r o y o r i q l a r tu fa y lid ir. B i r i n c h i b o r b u n d a y t a ’l i m o t ingliz fizigi G riffits t o m o n i d a n b a y o n e tilgan. G r if f i ts re a l m u s t a h k a m l i k n i a n i q l a s h f o r m u l a s i n i i s h la b c h i q q a n . Y u p q a p l a s t i n k a s h a k lid a g i n a m u n a n i o lib , u n g a c h o ‘z u v c h i t a s h q i k u c h t a ’sir e ttirila d i. T a s h q a r i d a n b e r ilg a n k u c h n a t ij a s i d a m o d d a n i n g ic h k i q i s m i d a u z u n lig i / b o ‘lgan k o ‘n d a l a n g m ik r o y o r i q ho sil boMadi (5 8 - r a s m ) . M i k r o y o r i q n i n g h o sil boMishi n a m u n a i c h i d a o z o d y u z a n i h o s il q ila d i. N a t i j a d a , n a m u n a n i n g ic h k i e n e r g i y a s i o s h a d i . I k k i n c h i t o m o n d a n , y o r iq p a y d o boMishi n a ti j a s id a , n a m u n a m a ’l u m b i r h a j m d a t a r a n g l ik k u c h l a n i s h i d a n o z o d boM adi, y a ’ni u n i n g t a r a n g l i k e n e rg iy a s i k a m a y a d i . M i k r o y o r i q n i n g u z u n lig i k r it i k u z u n l i k /krd a n k i c h i k boMgan d a v r g a c h a y o r i q n i n g o ‘sishi n a m u n a e n e r g i y a s i n i n g k o ‘p a y i s h i g a o l i b k e l a d i . Y o r i q n i n g u z u n l i g i k ritik m i q d o r g a y e t g a c h , e n e r g iy a k a m a y i s h i b i l a n u h a m k a t t a l a s h a d i. S h u n i n g u c h u n b u k a t t a l a s h i s h y o k i o ‘sish o ‘z - o ‘z i d a n b o r a d i v a o q i b a t d a m o d d a b u z i l a d i . T a r k i b i d a m ikroyorigM boMgan q a t t i q m o d d a l a r n i n g re a l m u s t a h k a m l i g i G r i f f i ts ifodasi y o r d a m i d a a n i q l a n a d i: G p= V2 a E / l , b u y e r d a : C p — r e a l m u s t a h k a m l i k ; a — n a m u n a n i n g o z o d y u z a e n e r g i y a s i , J / m 2; E — t a r a n g l i k m o d u l i , P a ; / — y o r i q n i n g u z u n l i g i , m . 5 8-ra sm . Q attiq jism d a m ikroyoriqlarning vujudga kelishi: a — c h o ‘zuvchi kuch t a ’sir etilganda kuchlanish berilgan ingichka plastinka; b — nam una energiyasi W ning yoriq uzunligi I ga bog 'lan ish egri chizig'i. D e m a k , q a t t i q m o d d a l a r n i n g n a z a r i y m u s t a h k a m l i g i real m u s t a h k a m l i k k a c h a k a m a y i s h i u c h u n u n i n g i c h i d a u z u n l i g i b i r n e c h a m i k r o n g a t e n g b o ‘l g a n y o r i q n i n g hosil b o ‘lishi s h a r t e k a n . 12- j a d v a l d a n a z a r i y v a real m u s t a h k a m l i k l a r n i n g q i y m a t l a r i keltirilgan. 12- ja d v a l Ba’zi noorganik moddalarning nazariy va real mustahkamligi M odda Taranglik m oduli E, 10-7 Pa N azariy m ustahkam lik, ct(| =0,1 E, lO 7 Pa Texnik m ustahkam - lik ° p , Ю-7 Pa a,,/ a (V p nisbat A lum iniy 6000 600 9,0 65 Kum ush 8000 800 18,0 45 M is 12000 1200 23,0 50 T em ir 21000 2100 30,0 70 Shisha 8000 800 8,0 100 Osh tuzi 4000 400 0,5 800 |
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