Korean Studies, 27. 1
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Kory 335 as an independent realm
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- Kory0 as a Spatially and Temporally Limited Realm
the expense of other potentialities. Kory0’s history is as full of instances of hard-
ened boundaries as of examples of the ideological flexibility provided by soft boundaries. One example of a hardened ideological boundary is the situation just after the defeat of Myoch’0ng when previously tolerated nativism was stamped out and when the suspicion of sympathy for the ideology of Myoch’0ng was enough reason for banishment or worse. 117 More thorough research is needed before any more definitive conclusions can be made, but the fundamental contradiction of the ontological status of the Kory0 ruler vis-à-vis the Chinese Son of Heaven and the flexibility of this con- cept with regard to such dissimilar belief systems as Buddhism, Daoism, and geomancy are not unrelated. 118 Kory0 as a Spatially and Temporally Limited Realm One of the required elements in a pluralist worldview that allows the con- tradiction of the ontological status of the Kory0 ruler is the realization of the spatial and temporal finiteness of the own world. 119 A notion of infinity in both these senses effectively torpedoes any suspension of dichotomization since infinity precludes the acknowledgement of the simultaneous existence of other potentialities (and hence of the fundamental transitoriness of the self ). Kory0 can be shown to have been both a spatially and a temporally limited realm, not only in the all-too-obvious historical sense, but also in the perception of its schol- ars and thinkers. The perception of the spatial finiteness of Kory0 has been well documented from the beginning of the dynasty. It is of course hardly surprising that the in- r e m c o e . b r e u k e r : Kory0 as an Independent Realm 65 Korean Studies, 27.1 11/15/04 1:36 PM Page 65 habitants of the states on the Korean peninsula should have experienced the spa- tial restrictedness of their states; resources comparable to the immense resources the Chinese and northern dynasties had at their disposal were simply not avail- able. This subsequently determined the realistic expectations one could enter- tain concerning the possibilities of spatial expansion. Consequently, territorial ambitions in Kory0 were limited. The famous debates on expansion to and sub- jugation of the north (the only region to which there could be expansion in the first place) are precisely this: debates with, at least spatially, clearly limited goals. Both Wang K0n’s expansionist dreams and the ultimately failed attempts at sub- jugation of the northern plains by Yun Kwan’s Nine Forts were essentially aimed at creating safe borders and not at the acquisition of ever more territory. 120 In contrast with the Kogury0 of the aptly named king Kwanggaet’o (“Broad ex- pander of territory”) and despite the occasional rhetoric that sought to associ- ate Kory0 with the northern territories of Kogury0, Kory0 was not a conqueror dynasty. An atypical instance of unmitigated expansionism can in fact only be found during the short period that Myoch’0ng’s ideas held sway. 121 The fact that Kory0 was perceived as a spatially limited place does not mean that everyone was in agreement with regard to the precise location of the borders of Kory0. As the turbulent foreign politics of the eleventh and twelfth centuries clearly show, there were many different opinions about the guarding of the borders, about the question what lands belonged to Kory0 and where the border should run. Although historical arguments were used to solidify claims to territories associated with the glory of former days, these arguments were often purely rhetorical and historical veracity was in essence not important— as was very well known. 122 They appealed to the splendors of a vague and ill- defined peninsular past, but did little to reduplicate these in present-day Kory0. By the time of Wang K0n’s unification of the peninsula, a more or less fixed idea of the historical homelands of the peninsula’s people had come into exis- tence, and within these historically determined borders the future of Kory0 was imagined to take place—as well as the past to have taken place. 123 The realization of a limited historic homeland is mirrored in the idea that there was a historic community that ought to live there. This community was not necessarily coterminous with Kory0, as is witnessed by an utterance of Ch’oe Saj0n (1067–1139), scion of the powerful Haeju Ch’oe clan, confidant of Injong and doctor with a dubious reputation, when he remonstrated to the king that he should be less negligent in administering the affairs of the state: “The Three Han are the Three Han of the Three Han. They do not stop at being Your Majesty’s Three Han. Our former lord T’aejo has worked hard to achieve this and I beg Your Majesty not to be negligent [in taking care of it].” 124 Ch’oe Saj0n explic- itly states that not even the ruler is equivalent to the country, but that on the contrary he is there for the benefit of the country. In the end, The Three Han go beyond the ruler. At the same time, such a contextualization of the ontologi- 66 k o r e a n s t u d i e s , v o l . 2 7 Korean Studies, 27.1 11/15/04 1:36 PM Page 66 cally unassailable position of the ruler puts into perspective the absolute nature of his status. Apparently, this status depended on its connection to the land and the people and on the condition that the ruler took good care of them. The lat- ter is in itself a classical Confucian doctrine, though not an undisputed one, be- cause of its inherent revolutionary potential. 125 The emphasis on the land and the people—the Three Han—is not necessarily Confucian; rather, it is a Kory0 elaboration of Confucian political theory. It points, however, to the assumption of an entity that is larger than Kory0 and that transcends it not spatially but tem- porally. The idea of the temporal finity of Kory0 is also supported by, for in- stance, the prevalent historiosophical beliefs that were based upon the theory of the Five Phases. 126 This theory assumed the continuous alternation of the five phases and explained the rise and fall of states using the sequence in which the five phases change into each other, resulting in a view of history that did not lend itself to perpetual states and everlasting dynasties. 127 It had various appli- cations during the Kory0, but one that is of particular relevance here is the old prophecy that predicted the fall of Kungye and the rise of Wang K0n and lim- ited the lifespan of the Kory0 dynasty to twelve generations or 360 years. 128 This prophecy, which surfaced time and again during Kory0, shows both the awareness of the inherent finity of the dynasty and the manner in which it is con- nected to the theory of the five alternating phases. 129 The assumption of the existence of a more principal entity than Kory0 itself and of the latter’s temporal finity effectively “devalues” Kory0 and makes it susceptible to pluralist approaches. It remains to be seen whether the concept of the Three Han can be “relativized” in the same manner, but that question need not concern us here. Download 347.48 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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