Korean Studies, 27. 1
partly be explained by its capacity for creative adaptation
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Kory 335 as an independent realm
partly be explained by its capacity for creative adaptation. 115. See Feyerabend, Conquest of Abundance, 24–25, 27, 30. 116. See Feyerabend, Conquest of Abundance, 39n., 39, 59. 117. Yun 3ni’s banishment was precisely for these reasons. See Breuker, “Bor- rowed Status.” It is incidentally also after this date that we find fewer instances of “lèse majesté” being committed by Kim Pusik. 118. The capacity of Kory0 literati to deal with fundamentally different concepts all demanding legitimate supremacy is perhaps also not unrelated to the intricate, dual system of descent in which both the maternal and the paternal descent lines were of im- portance. See Deuchler, The Confucian Transformation of Korea, esp. ch. 1. 119. It can be easily imagined that, depending on the situation, the realization of finiteness is not limited to the spatial and temporal realms, but also extends to the moral, the ethical, and so forth. 120. The construction of the Nine Forts found its origin in the desire to check the growing force of the Jurchen in the north. See Ch’u My0ngy0p, “11se’gimal–12se’gich’o Y0jin ch0ngb0l munje-wa ch0ngguk tonghyang” [The question of the conquest of the Yürchen and the political trends during the early 11th–late 12th centuries] (M.A. thesis, S0ul Taehakkyo Taehag’w0n Kuksahakkwa, 1999). Wang K0n’s plans to expand to the north were also of a limited nature: he aimed at the recovery of the ancestral T’aebaek mountains. The legitimation of his family’s rule over Kory0 was connected to this moun- tain range, as were the origin and the destiny of the Three Han. See Ch’oe Py0ngh0n, “Kory0 sidae-1i ohaengj0k y0ksagwan” [The historical vision based on the theory of the Five Phases during the Kory0 period], Han’guk hakpo, 13 (1978): 28. 121. Myoch’0ng’s faction advocated the vanquishing of the Jin, and Myoch’0ng himself prophesied that thirty-six countries would come to surrender and bring tribute. Yi Py0ngdo believes that thirty-six in this case is—as in other prophecies—a pseudo- number that represents the world as known by Kory0. See Yi Py0ngdo, Kory0 sidae-1i y0n’gu: t’1khi to’cham sasang-1l chungsim-1ro [A study of the Kory0 period: With spe- cial emphasis on the ideas on divination], rev. ed. (Seoul: Asea Munhwasa,1979), 202–3. 122. Take, for example, the rhetorical claims made by S0 H1i when he tried to convince a Liao general not to take possession of territories at the northern frontier. The perhaps honest admiration for Kogury0’s achievements and the sense of succession shown by S0 H1i do not imply that he envisioned a similar destiny for Kory0. Interestingly, S0 H1i does not—and perhaps cannot—even refute the Liao general’s assertion that Kory0 is successor to Silla and Liao to Kogury0. But such rhetoric was bound to strike a note with a general of the still-expanding and conquering Liao dynasty. One has to distin- guish between the purpose of rhetoric and its contents. It is doubtful whether S0 H1i would have used the same rhetoric toward a Song general. See Kory0sa 94:4b–5a. I do, incidentally, disagree with Michael Rogers’ interpretation of this episode. Although it is hard to take the exploits of S0 H1i at face value, I see no convincing evidence that proves S0’s diplomatic feat to be completely fictitious. It should be remembered that de- spite the military might of the Liao, Kory0 was at that time militarily speaking a force to be reckoned with. Kory0’s tributary submission was probably not as hard-won as the legend alleges and the territorial concessions by the Liao were subsequently consistently violated by them, making them virtually worthless. Seen in this light, it becomes prob- able that S0 H1i did manage to extract some promises from the Liao, but that they just r e m c o e . b r e u k e r : Kory0 as an Independent Realm 83 Korean Studies, 27.1 11/15/04 1:36 PM Page 83 did not mean very much. See Rogers, “National consciousness in medieval Korea,” 154–59. 123. Generally, Kory0’s historic homeland was thought to be the area historically occupied by the Three Han. In Wang K0n’s Ten Injunctions it is, for instance, used to name the territory he unified. Again, no unified opinion on the precise genealogy and historical territory of the Three Han emerged. This discussion would also be pursued during the Chos0n dynasty without culminating in a broadly accepted conclusion. None- theless, as is often the case in debates on matters that are hard, if not impossible, to define precisely, all participants seemed to know implicitly between which boundaries the dis- cussion should take place. See No T’aedon, “Samhan-e taehan inshig-1i py0nch’0n,” 55–56. 124. See Ch’oe Saj0n myojimy0ng in Kory0 myojimy0ng chips0n 70: 12–13. 125. Mencius asserted that rulers could be legitimately deposed if they were un- virtuous. His contention was understandably much disputed due to its potential subver- sive quality. A debate on whether the rule of a ruler was by definition absolute and unas- sailable in his dynastic legitimacy commenced among the pioneers of neo-Confucianism in Song China and was only settled in favor of Mencius due to Zhu Xi’s expression of support for the Mencian interpretation. 126. See Ch’oe Py0ngh0n, “Kory0 sidae-1i ohaengj0k y0ksagwan,” 27–35; Yi Py0ngdo, Kory0 sidae-1i y0n’gu, 34– 40. 127. But all the more to politically subversive prophecies that employed this con- cept by emphasizing that the natural course of the present dynasty had expired. See note 126. 128. See Kory0sa 1: 7a–b. For an interpretation, see Ch’oe Py0ngh0n “Kory0 sidae-1i ohaengj0k y0ksagwan,” 39– 40. Another example is the water phase that Kory0 identified itself with. According to the theory accepted in Kory0, water replaced metal and metal had been the phase identified with Silla. It goes without saying that the “water” dynasty of Kory0 would one day be replaced by a “wood” dynasty, just as it had replaced the “metal” dynasty itself. And indeed, the phase associated with the Chos0n dynasty is wood. See Ch’oe Py0ngh0n “Kory0 sidae-1i ohaengj0k y0ksagwan,” 27–34. 129. See, for example, the biographies of Yi 4imin and Pae Chungson; in both instances, this old prophecy is used to legitimize other claims to the throne. See Kory0sa 130: 39b, 128: 22b. 84 k o r e a n s t u d i e s , v o l . 2 7 Korean Studies, 27.1 11/15/04 1:36 PM Page 84 View publication stats Download 347.48 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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